UPSC Prelims Science & Technology PYQs, 2011-2026

Which of the following statements about DHRUV64 is/are correct ?
1. It is the third chip fabricated under the DIR-V Programme with an overall aim to enable the creation of microprocessors for India.
2. It is India's first homegrown 1.0 GHz, 64-bit dual-core microprocessor.

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The Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) recently introduced a national standard to test and assess bomb disposal system. Which of the following statements with regard to this system is/are correct ?
1. The new standard is known as IS 19445 : 2025.
2. It will improve interoperability of equipment across agencies.
3. It was developed by TBRL, DRDO in collaboration with the 30th Central Scientific Research Institute, Russia.

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Which of the following statements with regard to India's indigenous new high resolution weather model, the 'Bharat Forecast System,' is/are correct ?
1. Its objective is to generate forecasts at the Panchayats cluster level.
2. It was developed by IIT Delhi.

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Which of the following statements regarding the features of blockchain technology are correct ?
1. Records stored in the database may be made visible to relevant stakeholders without risk of alteration.
2. Copies of the entire database are stored on multiple computers on a network, syncing within seconds.
3. Consortium blockchain is a blend of public and private blockchains allowing selective data access.
4. Mathematical algorithms make it impossible to change or delete any data once recorded and accepted.

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Which of the following statements about Rare Earth Elements (REEs) and Critical Minerals is/are correct ?
1. Modern technological innovations including Artificial Intelligence, robotics and space exploration extensively utilise Rare Earth Elements (REEs).
2. China has the highest share in mining of REEs followed by India.
3. The Government of India launched the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) in 2025 to establish a robust framework for self-reliance in the critical mineral sector.
4. Rare Earth Elements are a set of 13 metallic elements.

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Which of the following statements with regard to genetic medicine is/are correct ?
1. Genetic medicines correct/compensate for the faulty genes responsible for disease.
2. Engineered viruses and lipid nanoparticles are used as carriers of the genetic medicine.
3. Genetic medicines alter the entire DNA sequence.

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Which of the following statements with regard to Large Language Models (LLMs) used in machine learning is/are correct ?
1. LLMs assign probabilities to the next possible words and then pick the one with the highest probability.
2. LLMs process data through mathematical optimization to minimise prediction errors.
3. LLMs produce unbiased outputs.

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Which of the following statements with regard to stealth technology is/are correct ?
1. Stealth objects have a very small radar cross-section and are coated with Radar Absorbing Material.
2. Stealth objects can be detected using specific frequencies.
3. Stealth objects are coated with metamaterials to increase the scattering of electromagnetic radiation.

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Which of the following statements with regard to Black Boxes used in modern aircrafts is/are correct ?
1. They carry a beacon emitting red light pulses to facilitate underwater detection.
2. They record both the cockpit voice and flight data.
3. Their memory units are made using either stainless steel or titanium.

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Which of the following statements with regard to Green Hydrogen is/are correct ?
1. It is decarbonized hydrogen obtained from natural gas reforming combined with carbon capture and storage (CCS).
2. It is produced using electrolysis of water with electricity generated by renewable energy.
3. National Green Hydrogen Mission of India aims for abatement of nearly 50 MMT of annual greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.

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Consider the following statements with regard to involvement of private entities in India's space programme :
1. The Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe) is an autonomous agency formed to facilitate participation of private entities.
2. Agnikul Cosmos launched the world's first flight using 3D-printed rocket engine.
3. Skyroot Aerospace has developed liquid fuel for GSLV.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

Which of the following statements with regard to drone swarms is/are correct ?
1. They use Terahertz band of frequency to communicate with the command centre.
2. Individual drones in the swarm can communicate with other drones in the swarm.
3. GPS Spoofing is a commonly used technique to counter drone swarm attack.

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Which of the following statements with regard to GenomeIndia Project is/are correct ?
1. It is a part of the Human Genome Project.
2. The project is funded by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India.
3. Its primary aim is to build a catalogue of genetic diversity of the Indian population.

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Which of the following statements with regard to the National Quantum Mission (NQM) is/are correct ?
1. It aims at developing intermediate-scale quantum computers with 50 – 1000 physical qubits.
2. Its implementation includes setting up of four Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs) in academic and national R&D institutes across India.

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Which of the following statements with regard to India’s Deep Ocean Mission is/are correct ?
1. It was launched by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Government of India.
2. Matsya-6000 has been designed to carry 3 people for deep sea exploration.
3. Samudrayaan is a project under this mission.

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Consider the following statements about Mission Sudarshan Chakra of India :
1. It aims to enhance India's air defence, ballistic missile defence and aerial offensive capabilities.
2. This Mission is being designed to enhance rapid, precise, and powerful defence responses, reinforcing India's strategic autonomy.
3. One of the aims of this Mission is to cover all public places of India by an expanded nationwide security shield by 2035.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

Which of the following items of defence hardware is/are manufactured in India ?
1. Su-30 MKI Fighter Jets
2. T-90 MK-III Tanks
3. Akula Class Submarine

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Magnetite particles, suspected to cause neurodegenerative problems, are generated as environmental pollutants from which of the following?

1. Brakes of motor vehicles

2. Engines of motor vehicles

3. Microwave stoves within homes

4. Power plants

5. Telephone line

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With reference to furnance oil, consider the following statements:

1. It is a product of oil refineries.

2. Some industries use it to generate power.

3. Its use causes sulphur emissions into environment.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Water can dissolve more substances than any other liquid because

With reference to street-lighting, how do sodium lamps differ from LED lamps?

1. Sodium lamps produce light in 360 degrees but it is not so in the case of LED lamps.

2. As street lights, sodium lamps have longer life span than LED lamps.

3. The spectrum of visible light from sodium lamps is almost monochromatic while LED lamps offer significant colour advantages in street-lighting.

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The term ‘ACE2’ is talked about in the context of

Bisphenol A (BPA), a cause of concern, is a structural/key component in the manufacture of which of the following kinds of plastics?

‘Triclosan’, considered harmful when exposed to high levels for a long time, is most likely present in which of the following?

Which one of the following is a reason why astronomical distances are measured in light-years?

With reference to recent developments regarding ‘Recombinant Vector Vaccines’, consider the following statements :

1. Genetic engineering is applied in the development of these vaccines.

2. Bacteria and viruses are used as vectors.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following:

1. Bacteria

2. Fungi

3. Virus

Which of the above can be cultured in artificial/synthetic medium?

Consider the following statements :

1. Adenoviruses have single-stranded DNA genomes whereas retroviruses have double-stranded DNA genomes.

2. Common cold is sometime caused by an adenovirus whereas AIDS is caused by a retrovirus.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

In the context of recent advances in human reproductive technology, Pronuclear Transfer” is used for

With reference to Visible Light Communication (VLC) technology, which of the following statements are correct?

1) VLC uses electromagnetic spectrum wavelengths 375 to 780 nm.

2) VLC is known as long-range optical wireless communication.

3) VLC can transmit large amounts of data faster than Bluetooth.

4) VLC has no electromagnetic interference.

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With reference to “Blockchain Technology”, consider the following statements:

1) It is a public ledger that everyone can inspect, but which no single user controls.

2) The structure and design of blockchain is such that all the data in it are about cryptocurrency only.

3) Applications that depend on basic features of blockchain can be developed without anybody’s permission.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to carbon nanotubes, consider the following statements:

1) They can be used as carriers of drugs and antigens in the human body.

2) They can be made into artificial blood capillaries for an injured part of human body.

3) They can be used in biochemical sensors.

4) Carbon nanotubes are biodegradable.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the following activities:

1) Spraying pesticides on a crop field

2) Inspecting the craters of active volcanoes.

3) Collecting breath samples from spouting whales for DNA analysis

At the present level of technology, which of the above activities can be successfully carried out by using drones?

“The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft,” The experiment in question refers to

Consider the following statements:

1) Genetic changes can he introduced in the cells that produce eggs or sperms of a prospective parent.

2) A person’s genome can be edited before birth at the early embryonic stage.

3) Human induced pluripotent stem cells can be injected into the embryo of a pig.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Which of the following statements are correct regarding the general difference between plant and animal-calls?

1) Plant cells have cellulose cell walls whilst animal cells do not.

2) Plant cells do not have plasma membrane unlike animal cells which do.

3) Mature plant cell has one large vacuole whilst animal cell has many small vacuoles.

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In India, why are some nuclear reactors kept under “IAEA Safeguards” while others are not?

In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits?

1) Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer

2) Cost of a new computer if some miscreant willfully damages it, if proved so

3) Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion

4) Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third-party files a suit

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Steel slag can be the material for which of the following?

1) Construction of base road

2) Improvement of agricultural soil

3) Production of cement

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In rural road construction the use of which of the following is preferred for ensuring environmental sustainability or to reduce carbon footprint?

1) Copper slag

2) Cold mix asphalt technology

3) Geotextiles

4) Hot mix asphalt technology

5) Portland cement

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With reference to solar water pumps, consider the following statements:

1) Solar power can be used for running surface pumps and not for submersible pumps.

2) Solar power can be used for running centrifugal pumps and not the ones with piston.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Which one of the following statements is not correct?

What is Cas9 protein that is often mentioned in news?

Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant ‘blackholes’ billions of light-years away from the Earth. What is the significance of this observation?

‘RNA interference (RNAi)’ technology has gained popularity in the last few years. Why?

I. It is used in developing gene silencing therapies.

II. It can be used in developing therapies for the treatment of cancer.

III. It can be used to develop hormone replacement therapies.

IV. It can be used to produce crop plants that are resistant to viral pathogens.

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In the context of wearable technology, which of the following tasks is/are accomplished by wearable devices?

I. Location identification of a person

II. Sleep monitoring of a person

III. Assisting the hearing impaired person

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Consider the following statements:

A digital signature is

I. An electronic record that identifies the certifying authority issuing it

II. Used to serve as a proof of identify of an individual to access information or server on Internet

III. An electronic method of signing an electronic document and ensuring that the original content is unchanged

Which of the statements given above is/are correct

In the context of digital technologies for entertainment, consider the following statements:

I. In Augmented Reality (AR), a simulated environment is created and the physical world is completely shut out.

II. In Virtual Reality (VR), images generated from a computer are projected onto real-life objects or surroundings.

III. AR allows individuals to be present in the world and improves the experience using the camera of smart-phone or PC.

IV. VR closes the world, and transposes an individual, providing complete immersion experience.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to communication technologies, what is/are the difference/differences between LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and VOLTE (Voice over Long-Term Evolution) ?

I. LTE is commonly marketed as 3G and VOLTE is commonly marketed as advanced 3G.

II. LTE is data-only technology and VOLTE is voice-only technology.

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As per the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 in India, which one of the following statements is correct?

Consider the following statements:

I. According to the India Patents Act, a biological process to create a seed can be patented in India.

II. In India, there is no Intellectual Property appellate Board.

III. Plant varieties are not eligible to be patented in India.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

For the measurement/estimation of which of the following are satellite images/remote sensing data used?

I. Chlorophyll content in the vegetation of a specific location

II. Greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddies of a specific location

III. Land surface temperatures of a specific location

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Recently, there was a growing awareness in our country about the importance of Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) because it is found to be a sustainable source of

In the context of which one of the following are the terms ‘pyrolysis and plasma gasification’ mentioned?

With reference to the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), consider the following statements:
1) IRNSS has three satellites in geostationary and four satellites in geosynchronous orbits.
2) IRNSS covers entire India and about 5500 sq. km beyond its borders.
3) India will have its own satellite navigation system with full global coverage by the middle of 2021.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the Genetically Modified mustard (GM mustard) developed in India, consider the following statements:
1) GM mustard has the genes of a soil bacterium that give the plant the property of pest-resistance to a wide variety of pests.
2) GM mustard has the genes that allow the plant cross-pollination and hybridization.
3) GM mustard has been developed jointly by the IARI and Punjab Agricultural University.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

"3D printing" has applications in which of the following?
1) Preparation of confectionery items
2) Manufacture of bionic ears
3) Automotive industry
4) Reconstructive surgeries
5) Data processing technologies
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Consider the following statements: 
1) The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 replaced the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
2) The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is under the charge of Director General of Health Services in the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements:
1) PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
2) Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
3) GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch l vehicle with the first and third stages l using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of "Digital India" Plan of the Government of India?
1) Formation of India's own Internet companies like China did.
2) Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries.
3) Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our school, public places and major tourist
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Consider the following statements:
1. In tropical regions, Zika virus disease is transmitted by the same mosquito that transmits dengue.
2. Sexual transmission of Zika virus disease is possible.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following pairs:

1. Lipstick                                                                       Lead

2. Soft drinks                                                                  Brominated vegetable oils

3. Chinese fast food                                                        Monosodium glutamate

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) are used to create digital display in many devices. What is/are the advantages of OLED displays over Liquid Crystal displays?
1. OLED displays can be fabricated on flexible plastic substrates.
2. Roll-up displays embedded in clothing can be made using OLEDs.
3. Transparent displays are possible using OLEDs.
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What is the application of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Technology?

In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents?
1. Service providers
2. Data centres
3. Body corporate
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With reference to ‘LiFi’, recently in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. It uses light as the medium for high speed data transmission.
2. It is wireless technology and is several times faster than ‘WiFi’.
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In the context of the developments in Bioinformatics, the term ‘transcriptome’, sometimes seen in the news, refers to

On which of the following, can you find the Bureau of Energy Efficiency Star Label?
1. Ceiling fans
2. Electric geysers
3. Tubular fluorescent lamps
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Consider the following statements:
The Mangalyaan launched by ISRO
1 is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission
2 made India the second country to have a spacecraft orbit the Mars after USA
3 made India the only country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit the Mars in its very first attempt
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Among the following, which were frequently mentioned in the news for the outbreak of Ebola virus recently?

With reference to the use of nanotechnology in health sector, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1) Targeted drug delivery is made possible by nanotechnology. 
2) Nanotechnology can largely contribute to gene therapy. 
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In the context of modern scientific research, consider the following statements about ‘IceCube’, a particle detector located at South Pole, which was recently in the news:
1) It is the world’s largest neutrino detector, encompassing a cubic kilometre of ice.
2) It is a powerful telescope to search for dark matter
3) It is buried deep in the ice.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to ‘Near Field Communication (NFC) Technology’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1) It is a contactless communication technology that uses electromagnetic radio fields
2) NFC is designed for use by devices which can be at a distance of even a metre from each other
3) NFC can use encryption when sending sensitive information.
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In which of the following activities, are Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites used?
1). Assessment of crop productivity
2) Locating ground water resources
3) Mineral exploration
4) Telecommunications
5) Traffic studies
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The term ‘IndARC’ sometimes seen in the news is the name of

H1N1 virus is sometimes mentioned in the news with reference to which one of the following diseases?

With reference to bio-toilets used by the Indian Railways, consider the following statements:
1) The decomposition of human waste in the bio-toilets is initiated by a fungal inoculum.
2) Ammonia and water vapour are the only end products in this decomposition which are released into the atmosphere.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to ‘fuel cells’ in which hydrogen-rich fuel and oxygen are used to generate electricity, consider the following statements :
1) If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, the fuel cell emits heat and water as by-products.
2) Fuel cells can be used for powering buildings and not for small devices like laptop computers.
3) Fuel cells produce electricity in the form of Alternating Current (AC).
Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

With reference to technologies for solar power production, consider the following statements:
(1).’Photovoltaics’ is a technology that generates electricity by direct conversion of light into electricity, while ‘Solar Thermal’ is a technology that utilizes the Sun’s rays to generate heat which is further used in electricity generation process.
(2). Photovoltaics generate Alternating Current (AC), while Solar Thermal generates Direct Current (DC).
(3). India has manufacturing base for Solar Thermal technology, but not for Photovoltaics.
Which of the statements given above is / are correct?

Consider the following diseases
(1). Diphtheria
(2). Chickenpox
(3). Smallpox
Which of the above diseases has/have been eradicated in India?

Brominated flame retardants are used in many household products like mattresses and upholstery. Why is there some concern about their use?
(1). They are highly resistant to degradation in the environment.
(2). They are able to accumulate in humans and animals.
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Which reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?
(1). It is a surface-to-surface missile.
(2). It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
(3). It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.
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In addition to fingerprint scanning, which of the following can be used in the biometric identification of a person?
(1). Iris scanning
(2). Retinal scanning
(3). Voice recognition
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Which of the following is/are the example/examples of chemical change?
(1). Crystallization of sodium chloride
(2). Melting of ice
(3). Souring of milk
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There is some concern regarding the nanoparticles of some chemical elements that are used by the industry in the manufacture of various products. Why?
(1). They can accumulate in the environment, and contaminate water and soil.
(2). They can enter the food chains.
(3). They can trigger the production of free radicals.
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Recombinant DNA technology (Genetic Engineering) allows genes to be transferred

1). across different species of plants
2). from animals to plants
3). from microorganisms to higher organisms

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Improper handling and storage of cereal grains and oilseeds result in the production of toxins known as aflatoxins which are not generally destroyed by normal cooking process. Aflatoxins are produced by

Which of the following diseases can be transmitted from one person to another through tattooing?
1. Chikungunya
2. Hepatitis B
3. HIV-AIDS
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Photochemical smog is a resultant of the reaction among.

With reference to the food chains in ecosystems, which of the following kinds of organism is / are known as decomposer organism / organisms?

1. Virus
2. Fungi
3. Bacteria

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Fruits stored in a cold chamber exhibit longer storage life because

Ball bearings are used in bicycles, cars, etc., because

Rainbow is produced when sunlight falls on drops of rain. Which of the following physical phenomena are responsible for this?

1. Dispersion
2. Refraction
3. Internal reflection

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Which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. Viruses lack enzymes necessary for the generation of energy.
2. Viruses can be cultured in any synthetic medium.
3. Viruses are transmitted from one organism to another by biological vectors only.

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The known forces of natures can be divided into four classes, viz., gravity, electromagnetism, week nuclear force and strong nuclear force. With reference to them, which one of the following statements is not correct?

The efforts to detect the existence of Higgs boson particle have become frequent news in the recent past. What is/are the importance/importance’s of discovering this particle?

1. It will enable us to understand as to why elementary particles have mass.
2. It will enable us in the near future to develop the technology of transferring matter from one point to another without traversing the physical space between them.
3. It will enable us to create better fuels for nuclear fission.

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Mycorrhizal biotechnology has been used in rehabilitating degraded sites because mycorrhiza enables the plants to

1. resist drought and increase absorptive area
2. tolerate extremes of pH
3. resist disease infestation

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Biomass gasification is considered to be one of the sustainable solutions to the power crisis in India. In this context, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1) Coconut shells, groundnut shells and rice husk can be used in biomass gasification.
2) The combustible gases generated from biomass gasification consist of hydrogen and carbon dioxide only.
3) The combustible gases generated from biomass gasification can be used for direct heat generation but not in internal combustion engines.
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What is the role of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the water purification systems?
1 It inactivates/kills the harmful microorganisms in water.
2 It removes all the undesirable odours from the water.
3 It quickens the sedimentation of solid particles, removes turbidity and improves the clarity of water.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Graphene is frequently in news recently. What is its importance?
1) It is a two-dimensional material and has good electrical conductivity.
2) It is one of the thinnest but strongest materials tested so far.
3) It is entirely made of silicon and has high optical transparency.
4) It can be used as conducting electrodes required for touch screens, LCDs and organic LEDs.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

With reference to stem cells frequently in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1) Stem cells can be derived from mammals only.
2) Stem cells can be used for screening new drugs.
3) Stem cells can be used for medical therapies
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Which of the following is/are cited by the scientists as evidence/evidences for the continued expansion of universe?
1) Detection of microwaves in space
2) Observation of redshift phenomenon in space
3) Movement of asteroids in space
4) Occurrence of supernova explosions in space
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Electrically charged particles from space travelling at speed of several hundred km/sec can severely harm living beings if they reach the surface of the earth. What prevents them from reaching the surface of the Earth?

To meet its rapidly growing energy demand, some opine that India should pursue research and development on thorium as the future fuel of nuclear energy. In this context, what advantage does thorium hold over uranium?
1) Thorium is far more abundant in nature than uranium.
2) On the basis of per unit mass of mined mineral, thorium can generate more energy compared to natural uranium.
3) Thorium produces less harmful waste compared to uranium.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Which one of the following sets of elements was primarily responsible for the origin of life on the Earth?

What are the reasons for the people's resistance to the introduction of Bt brinjal in India?
1) Bt brinjal has been created by inserting a gene from a soil fungus into its genome.
2) The seeds of Bt brinjal are terminator seeds and therefore, the farmers have to buy the seeds before every season from the seed companies.
3) There is an apprehension that the consumption of Bt brinjal may have adverse impact on health.
4) There is some concern that the introduction of Bt brinjal may have adverse effect on the biodiversity.
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Consider the following statements:

If there were no phenomenon of capillarity, 
1) it would be difficult to use a kerosene lamp
2) one would not be able to use a straw to consume a soft drink
3) the blotting paper would fail to function
4) the big trees that we see around would not have grown on the Earth

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A genetically engineered form of brinjal, known as the Bt-brinjal, has been developed. The objective of this is

Aspartame is an artificial sweetener sold in the market. It consists of amino acids and provides calories like other amino acids. Yet, it is used as a low-calorie sweetening agent in food items. What is the basis of this use?

What is the difference between asteroids and comets?
1) Asteroids are small rocky planetoids, while comets are made of ice, dust and rocky material.
2) Asteroids are found mostly between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, while comets are found mostly between Venus and Mercury.
3) Comets show a perceptible glowing tail, while asteroids do not.
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?