In addition to fingerprint scanning, which of the following can be used in the biometric identification of a person? (1). Iris scanning (2). Retinal scanning (3). Voice recognition Select the correct answer using the code given below.

The correct answer is D. All three, iris scanning, retinal scanning and voice recognition, are recognised biometric modalities, just like fingerprints. Biometrics relies on measurable traits, either physiological (body features) or behavioural (patterns of action).

• Statement 1 (Iris scanning) is correct. The iris pattern is stable through adult life and highly distinctive. It is a physiological trait, and India's Aadhaar system uses iris authentication alongside fingerprints.
• Statement 2 (Retinal scanning) is correct. The retina's blood-vessel pattern is mapped at the back of the eye. It is very hard to spoof but more intrusive, so it is used mainly in high-security access control.
• Statement 3 (Voice recognition) is correct. Voice combines physiological features (vocal tract shape) with behavioural features (speaking style). It is used in telephone banking authentication and forensic speaker identification.

Because each statement is valid, option A (1 only), B (2 and 3 only) and C (1 and 3 only) all exclude a correct modality. The Aadhaar Act, 2016, and the Puttaswamy judgment (2018) on biometric data and privacy are a useful Mains link here.

Trap: Aspirants assume only fingerprint-like contact traits count, or that two eye-based methods cannot both be valid. Iris and retina are distinct modalities, and voice is a valid biometric despite not being a physical body print.