With reference to solar water pumps, consider the following statements: 1) Solar power can be used for running surface pumps and not for submersible pumps. 2) Solar power can be used for running centrifugal pumps and not the ones with piston. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Both statements are false, so the answer is D. Solar power is only the energy source. The pump design is decided by the hydraulic requirement, not by how it is powered. Solar pumps come as surface and submersible units, and as centrifugal and positive displacement (piston or diaphragm) types.

Statement 1 is wrong. Submersible solar pumps are widely used for borewells and deep wells. The pump sits under water and the motor is run by a PV array on the surface through a controller. The PM-KUSUM scheme explicitly covers standalone solar pumps of both kinds.

Statement 2 is wrong. Piston (reciprocating) pumps can be driven by solar-powered motors through a suitable drive or inverter. Positive displacement solar pumps are used where high head and low flow are needed, such as some drip irrigation and livestock watering setups.

Core concept: the energy source (PV-DC or AC motor) is separate from the pump design (centrifugal or positive displacement, surface or submersible). Mains link: groundwater use, irrigation efficiency, and off-grid energy access under PM-KUSUM.

Trap: assuming solar pumps are limited to small surface centrifugal units, and then picking option A or B on that basis.