UPSC Mains Psychology Optional PYQs, 2016-2026

Discuss various applications of psychology with reference to war and peace.

Discuss the role of environmental factors in prenatal development.

Differentiate among descriptive, evaluative, diagnostic and prognostic research.

"Negative reinforcement and punishment are different." Justify your point of view with relevant examples.

How do the 'leaky bucket' and 'working memory' approaches differ in their explanation of the short-term memory?

Critically examine the top-down and bottom-up processing in perception. How can we make the combined use of both the processing in everyday life? Support your answer with appropriate examples.

20 marks

What makes psychology a more scientific discipline in comparison to other disciplines of social sciences? Elucidate your answer with examples and evidences.

15 marks

In what ways can sampling bias affect the accuracy of research outcomes? Discuss the role of data analysis and interpretation in generating meaningful research findings.

5 marks

Discuss various types of long-term memory. Explain how primacy and recency effect illustrate the serial position effect in transferring information from short- term memory to long-term memory.

20 marks

"The aim of grounded theory analysis is to develop inductive theory which is closely derived from the data." Elaborate upon the statement with respect to the analytic procedures followed in the grounded theory approach.

5 marks

Under what research conditions would you choose multiple regression over simple linear regression? Explain the assumptions of multiple regression with the help of examples.

Explain how learning takes place through classical conditioning. Discuss the role of reflexive behaviour and contingency in the acquisition of conditioned behaviour.

20 marks

What do you understand by 'inattentional blindness'? How can subliminal stimulus affect our behaviour?

5 marks

Highlight the developmental milestones as per the Piaget's stages of cognitive development.

5 marks

How does knowledge influence deductive reasoning? Give suitable examples.

Explain the relationship between emotion and cognition. Examine how feelings shape our thoughts.

Examine the role of causal attribution in the formation of prejudice and discrimination.

How does the critical period hypothesis support the idea of biological predisposition?

Do our dreams represent unconscious wish fulfillment? Discuss the meaning and functions of dreams.

What do you mean by defense mechanism? Distinguish between healthy and unhealthy defense mechanisms. Explain how it influences personality of an individual.

20 marks

What kind of heuristics is used by the people while making decisions? Also, discuss the errors and biases in group decision making.

5 marks

How is crystallized intelligence different from fluid intelligence? Discuss their relation to ageing and memory.

5 marks

Discuss the nature and functions of attitudes and values with reference to development of human behaviour. Suggest relevant strategies for attitude change and development.

20 marks

What do you mean by 'motivational cycle'? Analyze and answer with reference to psychological and physiological basis of motivation.

5 marks

Differentiate between surface and deep structure of language. Describe the hierarchy of language.

5 marks

Why do the people in almost every culture use psychoactive drugs? Discuss the effects of various stimulants and depressants on central nervous system.

20 marks

Distinguish between projective tests and psychometric tests of personality along with their advantages and disadvantages.

5 marks

Does IQ predict mental retardation? Explain the classification of mental retardation with regard to IQ scores given by Stanford-Binet.

How do psychologists explain the causes of anxiety disorder?

10 marks

What is the role of citizenship behaviour towards successful organizational environments?

10 marks

Who are the gifted children? Discussing the needs of gifted children, suggest the modifications required in their educational environment.

10 marks

What role can social agencies play in supporting the re-integration of ex-offenders?

Discuss the role of prevention and rehabilitation in mental health care.

10 marks

Compare and contrast Norm referenced vs criterion referenced measurement.

15 marks

"Therapeutic approaches must be culturally sensitive" — Discuss with examples from indigenous therapies.

15 marks

Distinguish between Transactional and Transformational Leaders. Suggest how can they contribute towards creating an effective organizational environment. Give examples.

20 marks

Compare and contrast psychodynamic, behavioural and cognitive therapies. Which is more effective in modern clinical practice?

15 marks

Discuss the interpersonal and intrapersonal processes in educational environment that effect the motivational level and aspirations of students.

15 marks

Examine the essential qualities of a rehabilitation psychologist and discuss the best practices in primary prevention of substance abuse.

20 marks

What do you understand by Individual Differences? Comment on the major methodological issues in construction of tests for assessment.

15 marks

Analyse the factors that foster collective consciousness and propose a well structured community based intervention program.

15 marks

How do biological, psychological and social factors influence mental disorders? Critically examine the concept of mental health and well-being.

20 marks

Suggest measures to overcome social conflicts and communal tensions using psychological principles.

10 marks

Examine the psychological consequences of excessive use of technology.

10 marks

What drives radicalization of individuals towards extremist and terrorist behaviour?

How can psychological education promote sensitivity to gender diversity?

10 marks

What are the key aspects of women entrepreneurship? What are the initiatives taken by the Government for promoting women entrepreneurship?

10 marks

6.(a) wees aera A aaa aT aaa Ge & Ufa a-aT =? What are the consequences of facing deprivation in early childhood?

15 marks

Define social integration and discuss the major psychological barriers to achieving it in a multicultural society.

15 marks

Evaluate the psychological impact of chronic exposure to noise and crowding on cognition, emotional regulation and behaviour of people.

20 marks

Clarifying the conceptual model of team cohesion, enumerate the antecedent factors that shape and build team cohesion among athletes.

15 marks

Critically explain the relationship between achievement motivation and economic development.

15 marks

What are disadvantaged groups? Why is it important to provide support to them? Suggest some important interventions for vulnerable children.

20 marks

Analyse the impact of gender based psychological construct, 'Glass ceiling', on women's participation in Indian work force.

15 marks

How can consumer rights and consumer awareness impact consumer hehaviour?

Critically analyze the impact of television and digital media on behaviour, values and cognition.

20 marks

Why did behaviourists avoid the topics of thought and knowledge? Discuss.

10 marks

Highlight the major factors that influence the psychological well-being of youth in the Indian setting.

10 marks

Do attribution processes explain success and failure behaviour in social context? Answer this in the light of Weiner's model of attribution.

10 marks

Critically evaluate the role of facial-affect programme and display rules in the expression of emotions by citing relevant examples.

10 marks

IQ tests are too narrow in focus.' Evaluate the statement from the perspectives of Sternberg and Gardner's theories of intelligence.

10 marks

Personality is all in our genes.' Evaluate the statement in the context of different personality theories.

20 marks

When psychologists label their perspective 'humanistic', what does this term mean to you? What is its relevance in the modern era?

15 marks

In what ways is probability sampling appropriate in the conduct of psychological research? Illustrate your answer with different techniques of probability sampling.

15 marks

Discuss the role of biological, cognitive and learning influences on gender identity and gender typing by focusing on relevant theories and research studies.

20 marks

Are quasi-experimental designs more advantageous than experimental designs? Discuss in the light of various methodological considerations.

15 marks

Bring out the contributions of Binet and Wechsler in the measurement of intelligence. In what ways are Wechsler's approach and procedures more effective than Binet's approach and procedures? Discuss with examples.

15 marks

Describe social cognitive theory and its applications to solve large scale societal problems.

20 marks

Meditation alters consciousness.' Discuss this by explaining meditation and consciousness along with relevant research examples.

What is the Whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity? Evaluate with empirical evidences.

Do correlational studies contribute in understanding 'cause and effect' relationship in human behaviour? Discuss.

10 marks

Explain how psychological and cultural factors affect perception.

10 marks

Can amnesia patients recall emotional events? Explain your answer citing research evidence.

10 marks

Discuss how the narrative approach to personality hinges on answering the question, 'Who am I?'.

10 marks

Is jet-lag a genuine phenomena? Explain it in the light of Circadian rhythms.

10 marks

How would you justify the use of factor analysis in psychological research? Answer with appropriate concepts and examples.

20 marks

State the structure of language and explain its role in speech perception and comprehension.

15 marks

What enables us to see the world in 3D despite our retinas capturing only 2D images? Explain.

15 marks

Motivation is a complex process and cannot be explained by a single approach." Evaluate the statement with the help of arousal, drive and expectancy theories by citing relevant examples.

20 marks

Distinguish between deductive and inductive reasoning and throw light on stumbling blocks of reasoning.

15 marks

Reward and punishment sometimes fail to effectively change behaviour. Explain with relevant examples.

15 marks

Why do human beings form attitudes and prejudices? Discuss the role of psychosocial factors in bringing the change in them, in the present Indian socio-cultural context.

20 marks

Give two examples of the use of the availability heuristic in everyday life — one example when it would be appropriate and another example when it might not be. Explain why your examples are illustrative of availability heuristic.

15 marks

Describe some major strategies for memory retention and explain each one with relevant examples.

15 marks

What are the different methods of estimating internal consistency reliability? Explain their strengths and limitations.

Evaluate the cognitive-behavioural model of depression.

Afar Explain spontaneous remission effect in the treatment of patients with mental illness.

Managerial effectiveness is influenced by the reasoning and decision-making abilities of a manager. Critically evaluate with the help of researches.

Critically evaluate the conditioning model of psychopathic personality disorder.

What are the factors that determine the efficacy of psychological tests? Discuss the ethical issues in the use of psychological tests.

15 marks

Explain how behaviour therapy encourages assertive coping.

15 marks

Describe the various effective strategies which can be incorporated in designing guidance programme for adolescents preparing for competitive examinations.

20 marks

What are the personality qualities to be focused on, for preparing community members as leaders for social change?

15 marks

ward Be Mad B? Can the applicability of concept of norm crystallization in an organization affect transformational leadership in that organization?

15 marks

What is primary prevention? Chalk out a primary prevention programme for substance use disorder in a slum community.

20 marks

Provide a community-based model for organizing services for rehabilitation of mentally challenged people.

15 marks

Compare the 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' approaches to social change with specific reference to handling social problems in the Indian context.

15 marks

Which form of psychological treatment is suitable for dealing with unresolved inner conflicts? Explain.

20 marks

What are the cultural consequences of being disadvantaged and how can these be addressed?

Write a note on distance learning through IT.

Interactions between members of diverse groups can affect the ratings of in-group and out-group members. Discuss with the help of researches.

Discuss the behavioural strategies for managing pollution.

Critically evaluate the issues of gender discrimination in the Indian context.

Discuss the psychological consequences of prolonged deprivation. What strategies can be adopted to overcome these consequences?

15 marks

Discuss the importance of consumer awareness in protecting consumer rights. How can consumers be empowered to make informed decisions?

15 marks

What are the psychological measures to be used for social integration of the communities divided by conflicts of religion?

20 marks

Explain the concepts of social facilitation and social inhibition in the context of group processes.

15 marks

Prepare the psychological profile of a terrorist. What are the common characteristics, motivations and beliefs that drive individuals to terrorist activities?

15 marks

Describe the psychological consequences of constructing social realities on the basis of information gained through social media. How can these be checked by psychological interventions?

20 marks

What motivates entrepreneurs to start and grow their business, and how do they maintain motivation in the face of challenges and setbacks?

15 marks

Discuss the concept of 'crowding', its determinants and impact on psychological health and well-being.

15 marks

What are the key challenges that psychologists face when working with defence personnel in promoting positive health, and how can they be addressed?

20 marks

What makes psychology a science? Discuss.

Citing relevant examples, explain independent, dependent and mediating variables.

Describe data collection methods in psychology with special reference to observation and survey methods.

Differentiate between growth and development. Explain the principles of life span development in the context of developmental ecology.

How do the principles of classical conditioning help in the formation of likes and preferences? Discuss.

Describe the diversity in the disciplinary thoughts with special reference to structuralism, functionalism and behaviourism.

Citing relevant studies, describe the emergence and development of cognitive psychology.

15 marks

Explain the assumptions of two-way ANOVA. With the help of an example, illustrate main and interaction effects.

15 marks

Discuss the signal detection theory (SDT) with reference to perceptual vigilance task performance.

20 marks

Does punishment work in all situations? Discuss the pros and cons of punishment.

15 marks

Is reconstructed memory accurate? Describe the process of reconstruction, - citing research evidence.

15 marks

Differentiate between classical and operant conditioning. Discuss their applications with suitable examples.

20 marks

How do various monocular and binocular cues help us with depth perception? Discuss with the help of examples.

15 marks

Differentiate between the processes of memory and forgetting. Also, discuss multistore model and meta-memory as innovations in the study of memory.

15 marks

Citing research evidence, explain the components of working memory.

What are the main differences between James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion? Explain.

Differentiate between intelligence and aptitude. Also, discuss the main features of a good intelligence test.

Describe the biological and socio-cultural determinants of personality. Illustrate your answer with the help of Indian studies.

Is cognitive dissonance effective in changing attitude? Discuss in the light of research evidence.

How do heuristic and algorithm differ as problem-solving strategies? Illustrate the role of mental set in reasoning with the help of experimental evidence.

20 marks

Explain the biological and cultural bases of emotion. Do people reveal their emotions through non-verbal cues? Discuss.

15 marks

Explain the main components of emotional intelligence. What does the research evidence suggest about the role of training in its enhancement? Discuss.

15 marks

Distinguish between psychoanalytic and humanistic approaches to personality. Discuss in detail the recent developments in the applications of these approaches.

20 marks

Citing relevant examples, explain how intrinsic and extrinsic motivation differ. Referring to relevant studies, describe the factors influencing intrinsic motivation.

15 marks

Discuss the functions of REM sleep and major theories of dreaming.

15 marks

How do Skinner and Chomsky differ in their approach to language development? Also, discuss the processes and outcomes of bilingualism and multilingualism in Indian context.

20 marks

Critically evaluate the positive and negative effects of modern computer technology and artificial intelligence on human behaviour.

15 marks

What advice would you give to a civil servant to reduce prejudice and discrimination in Indian society? Discuss.

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Distinguish hallucinations and delusions with suitable examples.

Evaluate the current status of career counselling in India.

What is ergonomics? Explain the benefits of ergonomics in the work place with suitable examples.

10 marks

Write a note on transference versus countertransference in the context of psychodynamic therapies.

10 marks

Describe 'revolving door phenomenon' in the context of community based mental health services.

10 marks

Evaluate effectiveness of ABCD Model in the treatment of psychological disorders.

5 marks

Why are norms needed for psychological tests? Explain the uses and limitations of percentile ranks in this context.

5 marks

What is community consciousness? How can it be aroused for handling social problems.

20 marks

Discuss rehabilitation of juvenile delinquents in Indian context.

5 marks

What is learned helplessness? How will you explain depression using the concept of learned helplessness?

5 marks

Explain situation focussed and competency focussed preventive mental health approaches. Discuss in the context of mentally challenged persons.

20 marks

What are the components of Vroom's theory of motivation? How can it be used to increase the performance of workers?

5 marks

Explain various psychological principles underlying effective teaching-learning process. Illustrate your answer with the help of suitable examples.

How will you construct an achievement test in Arithmetics for the fifth standard?

20 marks

Explain multilevel marketing with the help of suitable examples.

Describe the psychological approaches that can be utilised to motivate disadvantaged groups to move towards development.

What is implicit prejudice? How does it differ from explicit prejudice? Explain with the help of examples.

Discuss the impact of rapid technological growth on degradation of environment in Indian context.

To what extent the role of ideology is critical for understanding terrorism?

What are the prevalent forms of gender discrimination in Indian society? Discuss the measures that can be taken to eradicate them.

Differentiate between relative deprivation and prolonged deprivation. Discuss the psychological consequences of relative deprivation.

5 marks

Discuss the role of mass media and information technology in fostering values and spreading positivity. Design a program for college students in this context.

20 marks

What is social integration? Explain the psychological measures that can be taken to achieve the goal of social integration.

5 marks

How can people be motivated and trained for entrepreneurship? What specific issues would you consider while motivating and training women for entrepreneurship? Elaborate.

5 marks

Discuss the psychosocial consequences of short-term and long-term exposure to noise.

20 marks

Discuss the role of media in the present scenario of antisocial behaviour? Considering Indian context in view suggest some measures to regulate media.

What do you mean by positive health of defence personnel? How can psychologists be trained to work with defence personnel in promoting positive health?

5 marks

Explain the interrelation between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial behaviour? Discuss the role of child rearing practices in the development of achievement motivation and entrepreneurial behaviour.

20 marks

How is descriptive type of research different from diagnostic research? Answer the question giving suitable example of each.

10 marks

"Mental health study is the major trend in Psychological studies in the 21st century." — Discuss.

10 marks

What do you mean by subliminal perception? Discuss its role in advertising with the help of suitable example.

10 marks

Your relative is going through chemotherapy. How your knowledge about learning theories will be helpful?

10 marks

Discuss the factors facilitating in problem-solving.

10 marks

Explain in detail the use of computer technology in psychological studies. Give your answer citing appropriate recent work in the field.

20 marks

Describe multiple intelligence theory and its measurement.

15 marks

Why is research method considered to be the back-bone of any research? Discuss various steps to be undertaken in Psychological research for sound and reliable results.

15 marks

Describe the factors influencing perceptual organization with reference to past experiences and perceptual readiness.

20 marks

What do you understand by psychological and physiological basis of motivation? Discuss them giving suitable examples.

15 marks

Discuss some key ideas from Psychocybernetics.

15 marks

Compare and contrast between programmed and probability learning and also highlight their advantages and disadvantages.

20 marks

Do you think that in multicultural society, socialization is a big issue? Give your opinion in this regard and suggest proper socialization mechanism.

15 marks

Differentiate among a theory, a hypothesis and an operational definition.

15 marks

Should the researcher always formulate a hypothesis before collecting data? Justify your answer with appropriate example.

10 marks

Discuss recent trends in the field of decision-making.

10 marks

How does gender differences account for behaviour?

10 marks

What hypothetical ideas lead to the development of projective personality tests?

"Knowledge without use is useless." Discuss the statement focussing on the application of psychology in resolving societal problems.

10 marks

In view of Piaget, "Intellectual development takes place through stages which occur in a fixed order and which are universal regardless of social and cultural background." Critically examine Piaget's point of view in detail.

20 marks

Discuss formation of stereotypes and prejudices with the help of suitable examples.

Explain how a double-blind experiment is used to overcome experimenter bias and participant expectancy effects.

15 marks

How do intelligence and aptitude differ? Explain the two in the light of 'g' and 's' factors of intelligence giving suitable example.

20 marks

What is the meaning and significance of plasticity of perception? Discuss.

15 marks

What are the steps for effective communication training? Discuss in detail.

15 marks

Do childhood experiences affect us in our entire lives? — Elaborate your answer in the light of personality theories.

20 marks

How can the memory be improved with the help of organization and mnemonic techniques?

15 marks

"Human behaviour is affected by multiple factors that tend to overlap. As a result of which it is difficult to analyse the cause of behaviour." — Discuss.

15 marks

Compare directional and non-directional therapies with reference to their effectiveness.

Give a comparative analysis of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Explain the nature and significance of biofeedback therapy.

Explain the nature of dyslexia. How can it be diagnosed?

"Appreciating diversity is considered as a core value for a community psychologist in India." Justify.

Discuss the biopsychosocial model of health. Suggest relevant actions to prevent illness.

15 marks

Explain the assumptions of behaviour therapy. Discuss various techniques of behaviour therapy to treat phobia.

15 marks

WATT STAT Explain the characteristics of standardized psychological tests. Highlight the limitations of psychological tests.

20 marks

Explain Maslow's need hierarchy theory. Critically evaluate the same.

15 marks

Explain the strategies for rehabilitation of intellectually challenged person.

15 marks

Discuss the role of a psychologist in rehabilitation of victims of domestic violence with special reference to India.

20 marks

Discuss the importance and applications of ecological theory for programme implementation of saving the girl child.

15 marks

Describe the applications of psychological principles in the field of marketing. Cite illustrations from Indian context.

20 marks

Explain with suitable examples the psychosocial consequences of prolonged deprivation.

What are the measures to achieve social integration?

Explain the role of mass media in fostering societal values.

What psychological interventions can be planned to improve the performance of athletes?

How does self-fulfilling prophecy work in case of traditional Indian women?

Discuss the steps to be taken to reduce the incidence of school dropouts among deprived groups.

15 marks

Discuss the psychological strategies for handling the intergroup conflict.

15 marks

What is achievement motivation? Discuss how family and cultural factors contribute to enhance achievement motivation.

20 marks

Discuss the psychological and social effects of pornography addiction.

15 marks

Discuss the strategies for promoting positive mental health among defence personnel.

15 marks

What is pro-environmental behaviour? Design an intervention plan for developing pro-environmental behaviour among schoolchildren.

20 marks

To what extent individual's life experiences are relevant for understanding terrorism?

Discuss the psychological consequences of population explosion. Suggest some techniques to enhance awareness among people for population control.

15 marks

How does gender socialization in India lead to gender discrimination?

20 marks

Describe the applications of psychological principles in managing drug abuse in adolescents.

What are values? What strategies can be used in fostering value of equality in early childhood? Discuss.

Discuss the role of artificial intelligence in dealing with mental health problems.

How can parents use reinforcement contingencies to manage their children's aggressive behaviour?

Illustrate the role of hypothesis in psychological research.

State the assumptions and merits of two-way ANOVA. Explain the applications of the same in psychological research with an appropriate example.

20 marks

Discuss language acquisition at different stages of development in the light of the theories of Skinner and Chomsky.

15 marks

What do you understand by physical indicators of emotion? How are they relevant in polygraph test?

15 marks

Is problem solving a psychological process? Illustrate your answer with the steps and methods involved in problem solving. Differentiate between human and computerized problem solving.

20 marks

Discuss the contribution of structuralism and functionalism in shaping psychology as a discipline.

15 marks

Is sleep a conscious phenomenon? Illustrate different states of sleep and explain the functions and role it serves in human life.

15 marks

Can human beings be fully functioning and self-actualized? Evaluate it from humanistic and psychoanalytic perspectives of personality.

20 marks

Compare and contrast naturalistic observation and laboratory-based observation as methods of psychological research. Can they be reconciled? Discuss.

15 marks

Discuss the levels of processing model and highlight its relevance for explaining individual differences in memory.

15 marks

Discuss the significance of single blind-double blind procedures for establishing soundness of an experiment.

How do psychologists conceptualize creativity? Explain the confluence approach to creativity.

Do we need 16 factors to describe human personality? Illustrate your answer in the light of big five-factor theory of personality.

Discuss the techniques to assess patients with memory disorders.

"Emotional competency is more important than intellectual competency." Discuss in the context of schoolchildren.

Explain the nature of human attitudes. How is the knowledge of attitude change process helpful in bringing religious harmony in the Indian context? Discuss.

20 marks

Nurturing social intelligence at early developmental stages can play a critical role in conflict resolution at later stages. Explain with the help of examples.

15 marks

Is there perception without sensation? Evaluate critically in the light of empirical evidences.

15 marks

Is intelligence a univariate or multivariate concept? Discuss in the light of Spearman's and J. P. Das's theories of intelligence.

What principles of perceptual organization are useful for air traffic controllers? Also, indicate how they use each of them.

15 marks

Evaluate the developmental challenges faced during midlife transitions across gender in the Indian context.

15 marks

"Learning occurs not only through conditioning but also from our observations of others." Discuss this statement from children's point of view. What are the pros and cons of observational learning for children?

20 marks

Discuss the factors involved in ethnolinguistic vitality in the Indian context.

15 marks

Compare and contrast the concepts of intelligence, emotional intelligence and social intelligence. How can they contribute in the making of an effective civil servant? Discuss.

15 marks

In the light of research, discuss various ways to enhance cognitive skills. of the gifted children.

Some measures can be reliable but not. valid. Illustrate with relevant examples.

Explain how power and politics go hand-in-hand.

20 marks

What is community psychology? Mention few skills and qualities a community psychologist should have.

20 marks

What are different criteria for labelling abnormal behaviour?

Discuss the various strategies necessary for rehabilitation of mentally ill Indian youth.

Discuss the challenges to mental health of Indian youth. As a psychologist, suggest ways to foster their mental health.

Describe the instrumental role of biology, conditioning, cognition and stress in developing anxiety disorder.

20 marks

With reference to the general scenario of our country, elaborate the significance of 'out of school' vocational guidance. Which special strategies should be used for it?

Discuss uses, misuses and limitations of psychological tests in clinical setting.

20 marks

Why is selection considered to be a process of infusion of fresh blood in the organisation? Discuss the steps involved in employee selection.

Discuss important concepts of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy along with its applications.

Discuss the major limitations of the aged having cognitive problems. Mention strategies used to improve their psycho-social health.

How can community psychologists bring positive social change in order to address mental health and well-being in society? Explain with 3 suitable examples.

20 marks

Explain the concept of social integration citing suitable examples.

Discuss the ill effects of Internet addiction among adolescents. Suggest intervention for arresting the same.

Discuss the characteristics of entrepreneurial behaviour.

Throw light on negative impact of technological growth in our real life.

Which principles of psychology are helpful for developing team spirit in sportspersons?

Critically examine the numerous innovations and programmes of the Government in educating and motivating disadvantaged children towards their development.

5 marks

Discuss nature and psychological consequences of sexual harassment of women at workplace. Suggest different behavioural patterns to overcome it.

20 marks

Media is one of the key factors in promoting pro-social or anti-social behaviour. Defend your point of view.

Elaborate the effects of mass media on emotional health and values of youth in our culture.

how environment, culture and socio-economic relationships play an important role to meet the needs of disadvantaged children.

Explore causal factors of social conflicts and suggest methods of resolution.

20 marks

How does advertising help people to buy intelligently and enable them to take a step in the direction of a higher standard of living? Critically 5 examine.

Discuss pollution and crowding as agents of psycho-social and physical problems. Cite few problems and recommend remedial strategies.

20 marks

Discuss Gender Schema Theory and describe its contribution in explaining the personality of a housewife in a traditional family.

What are the limits of intuition and common sense? Why do psychologists emphasize on scientific methods? Discuss.

10 marks

State the role of psychologist in resolving interpersonal conflicts and social unrest.

Discuss the challenges during group brainstorming process.

10 marks

Sat SAT THAT AR Describe the role of mass media in shaping the behaviour of adolescents. Support it with appropriate examples.

10 marks

Fears SAT With reference to the concept of memory construction evaluate the accuracy of eyewitness testimony in judicial trial.

10 marks

How do basic and applied research differ? Explain how knowledge from basic research helps solve practical problems.

20 marks

Discuss the factors causing cognitive decline in the elderly.

15 marks

Describe the bottom-up and top-down processing of sensory information.

15 marks

How much nature (genetic factors) and nurture (environmental factors) contribute to a person's physical, cognitive and socio-emotional development?

20 marks

Describe the principles of classical conditioning. Illustrate the application of classical conditioning principles in real life.

15 marks

Explain the importance of cognitive neuropsychology and socio-cultural perspective in understanding human behaviour.

Why is selective attention important? Discuss the theories of selective attention.

Which method is most appropriate to investigate gender differences in aggressive behaviour at the work place? Elaborate.

15 marks

Describe the role of schemas and mnemonic devices in expertise and exceptional memory.

15 marks

"Some psychological measures can be reliable but not valid". Elaborate it with examples.

10 marks

FRAT He IQ scores predict success in academic, job and other life outcomes. Evaluate.

10 marks

What is self-efficacy? Discuss the potential benefits of enhancing self-efficacy.

Formal operational thought is not universally achieved. Discuss.

10 marks

Give a critical appraisal on the practice of using aptitude tests to predict professions for high school children.

10 marks

Are we born with personality? Critically evaluate with theoretical interpretation.

Describe the strategies of effective communication training.

15 marks

Discuss the physiological basis of emotion and its measurement.

15 marks

Which approaches to motivation are more commonly used in an organization? How these approaches might help to sustain or increase motivation?

20 marks

Describe different types of Meditation and its effect on health and well-being.

15 marks

Discuss the use of computer application in the various domains of practice in Psychology.

15 marks

Humans strive to assign causes to actions of self and others and fall into traps of biases and errors. Critically discuss.

20 marks

Discuss the cognitive and motivational determinants of the belief in extra sensory perception.

15 marks

Give a comparative analysis of the behaviouristic and nativistic perspective to language development.

15 marks

(a) wan oat & aaa & fee seam fee a are wees what a sat Atha Discuss the psychological tests used for the selection of defence personnel.

What are the steps to be taken to promote gender-friendly environment at workplace?

Describe the different methods for making a psychological test reliable.

What roles do the social agencies play in the rehabilitation of HIV/AIDS patients?

Discuss the role of community psychology for handling community mental health problems.

Explain the major steps to be taken for the training of children with learning disabilities.

15 marks

Highlight the importance of career counseling in enhancing students' success in life.

15 marks

Why is group decision making important for social change? What errors and biases occur during the process of group decision making?

20 marks

What are the different types of psychological tests for personality assessment?

15 marks

Describe the main tenets of cognitive therapy. Compare it with psychoanalytic therapy.

15 marks

Is prejudice inevitable? Discuss the techniques for reducing caste prejudice.

20 marks

How does power in organizations tend to concentrate in the hands of a few persons? Discuss the tactics used to gain power.

15 marks

Write about the strategies for motivating students belonging to disadvantaged groups for their development.

15 marks

Describe the different types of anxiety disorders. What are the behavioural approaches to treat such patients?

20 marks

Explain the factors affecting the work motivation within work organization in India.

What are the consequences of being a member of disadvantaged group?

Discuss the methods used by a psychoanalyst to bring unconscious motives into conscious.

Elaborate upon the strategies for inducing pro-environmental behaviour.

What do you understand by mood disorders? Discuss the causes.

How does a self-fulfilling prophecy work? Describe how the gender bias is an example of self-fulfilling prophecy in Indian context.

15 marks

Elaborate on psychological interventions for improving performance in team games like hockey.

15 marks

What do you understand by psychology of advertising? How can consumer awareness be enhanced through advertising?

20 marks

Highlight the psychological consequences of living in high population density area.

15 marks

Illustrate the characteristics of entrepreneurial behaviour. How can it be promoted among the youth?

15 marks

Describe the impact of electronic media on the adolescents' behaviour.

20 marks

What are the forms of social conflicts? Explain the methods of resolution of social conflicts.

15 marks

In the light of post-COVID-19 pandemic, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of online learning.

15 marks

What is the need of early identification of mentally challenged children? Write about the strategies for early intervention.

20 marks

What are the major features do clinicians use to interpret Rorschach responses?

How does prior knowledge shape encoding in memory?

Describe physiological and cognitive components of emotions.

Discuss the reasons why rewards may backfire and not produce their intended results for behaviour.

Suggest some strategies for fostering values in Indian settings.

What is the role of artificial intelligence in psychology? How can it be applied as an intervention in identifying different psychological abnormalities?

20 marks

Differentiate between metamemory and self-instructional learning. Elaborate your answer with suitable examples.

5 marks

Define the precursors of the development of item response theory. In what ways will it help in the advancement of the area of aptitude testing?

5 marks

Differentiate between exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. What is their significance in test construction? Elaborate your answer with suitable examples.

20 marks

Explain five most important perspectives to define human behaviour.

5 marks

Describe 3-stage model of memory with special emphasis on working memory.

While playing cricket, Team-A got into fight with Team-B. Discuss it in the context of 'realistic group conflict theory'. How can conflict resolution strategies be used to manage and control such fights?

20 marks

How is quasi-experimental design different from experimental design? Describe different forms of quasi-experimental design with special emphasis on time series design.

5 marks

"Any sort of learning takes place with the help of suitable associations and reinforcement." Critically examine that how much cognitivists, Gestaltists and evolutionary psychologists agree with the statement.

5 marks

How can a psychologist contribute to the society during COVID-9?

Describe brain plasticity and factors affecting on it.

Discuss the steps involved in effective communication training.

How much do family and school environment contribute to intelligence?

Explain six primary emotions that can be identified from facial expressions. [ P.T.O.

Differentiate between Erikson's psychosocial and Freudian psychosexual theories. Also explain different virtues attached to each stage of psychosocial theory.

20 marks

Explain the various assumptions and ways of performing regression analysis. Also compare standardized and unstandardized beta coefficients with suitable examples.

5 marks

Repression is a motivated forgetting process that protects us by inhibiting anxiety-arousing memories. Explain its role in dissociative amnesia.

15 marks

Describe different personality assessment techniques and also highlight their strengths and weaknesses.

20 marks

How are physiological, neural and cognitive changes associated with ageing? Explain.

5 marks

How can grounded theory approach help to explore layperson's definition of happiness?

5 marks

Discuss in detail about different attitude rating scales. How can we measure intergroup prejudice among students in the class using Likert scale and how can their behaviour be rectified through moral education?

20 marks

Give details of facilitating and hindering factors in problem solving. Answer the question by citing suitable example.

5 marks

What are the different rules of language? Critically analyze 'critical period hypothesis'.

What is meant by social integration? How can religious harmony be promoted to attain social integration in the present scenario in India?

10 marks

Bring out the role of social agencies in the rehabilitation of persons suffering from substance abuse.

"Values cannot be fostered through TV and mass media'. Critically evaluate the statement.

What is meant by glass ceiling effect? Discuss the factors that facilitated some women to break this glass ceiling. Illustrate with some examples.

Women in a remote village have been deprived of development related benefits. What steps would you suggest to enable women to take advantage of these benefits?

Explain the nature of diversity in today's organizations in India. What steps should organizations take to manage diversity?

5 marks

What are the challenges in the development and uses of psychological tests? Illustrate with examples.

15 marks

Enumerate the major purposes of psychological testing in educational settings and discuss ways in which psychological testing helps both the teacher and student.

20 marks

How does categorization as in-group and out-group influence social relations? How can such influence of categorization be minimized? Discuss with examples.

5 marks

Environmental degradation is a major issue. Explain what has led to this and how it has impacted the life of people and society in India.

15 marks

How media influences pro and anti-social behaviour? Discuss one instance of pro-social and one instance of anti-social behaviour.

20 marks

How can psychology contribute in managing IT and mass media for 'Atma Nirbhar Bharat'? Discuss.

5 marks

Who are juvenile delinquents? Discuss the steps involved in the rehabilitation and prevention of juvenile delinquency.

15 marks

What are the potential sources of stress for people working in research and development organisations? Discuss some of the individual and organizational approaches in these organizations to manage stress.

20 marks

Explain the psychological conceptualization that helps in understanding the economic development.

How are indigenous therapies an alternative to classical insight therapies? Discuss.

How has population growth impacted human and social lives? Discuss this in the light of COVID-l9 pandemic crisis.

Discuss the factors that contribute to political behaviour in organizations.

In what ways psychological tests are better tools in assessing individual differences? Explain.

Identify and discuss the key elements contributing to effective social change in a marginalized community.

5 marks

On the basis of psychology of motivation write a programme-sketch for entrepreneurship development.

5 marks

Illustrate the basic tenets of psycho-dynamic and client centered therapies. Discuss the effectiveness of these therapies as forms of treatment of mental disorders.

20 marks

What are some of the problems faced by defence personnel posted in tough terrain? Discuss how positive mental health can be promoted among them.

5 marks

Describe and evaluate the techniques used in the training for memory development.

5 marks

Describe the symptoms of depression and mood disorder. Give an account of etiological factors and suggest the appropriate therapeutic treatment for these disorders.

20 marks

In case of highly skilled professionals does their motivation come from within or is it the result of situational factors? Explain this in the light of theories of motivation.

5 marks

How are schizophrenic disorders different from anxiety disorders? Explain with examples.

15 marks

Think of a social group which has been subjected to prolonged deprivation. In what ways prolonged deprivation has impacted the lives of people belonging to this group? Suggest ways to mitigate these effects.

20 marks

The edifice of behaviourism was built on the loopholes of the teleological approach in psychoanalysis. Evaluate.mo

"Diagnostic and prognostic researches are complementary to each other." Explain with suitable examples.

Explain the role of hypothesis in psychological researches with suitable examples.

How do we see the objects in three dimensions? Discuss the factors influencing the same.

In what ways is deviation IQ different from traditional IQ? Discuss.

"Multistore model of memory best explains the nature of memory." Evaluate the statement in theoretical perspective and empirical evidences.

20 marks

What is the significance of attachment to parents in social and emotional well-being of a child? Illustrate from the perspective of developmental theories.

15 marks

How do environmental factors determine the sensation of hunger? Illustrate with examples.

15 marks

Differentiate between experimental and quasi-experimental designs. Evaluate the applications of quasi-experimental designs in psychological researches.

20 marks

Explain how divergent thinking is different from convergent thinking. Discuss the methods to foster divergent thinking in children.

15 marks

What is achievement motivation? Discuss the projective technique as a method for assessing achievement motivation.

15 marks

Discuss the effects of stimulus-deprivation on human behaviour with empirical evidences.

20 marks

How is NEO Five-Factor Theory different from 16 Personality Factors Theory? Explain.

15 marks

Illustrate that values can best be fostered during childhood. Discuss different methods for fostering moral and ethical values among school-going children.

Evaluate the 'critical period' hypothesis in language acquisition.

"Discrimination and generalization are two complementary processes in skill learning." Discuss with reference to operant conditioning.

"Stereotypes can lead to the development of prejudice and discrimination." Explain citing examples from Indian context.

How did structuralism contribute to the development of psychology as a discipline? Evaluate.

Why do most people experience geometrical illusions? Explain from the psychological perspective.

How is Gardner's theory of intelligence distinct from Spearman's theory? Illustrate.

20 marks

Citing examples from life situations, explain the phenomenon of perceptual organization.

15 marks

What is vicarious learning? Discuss its applications in acquisition of emotional responses.

15 marks

Define 'concept'. Illustrate different types of concepts and processes involved in the formulation of the same.

20 marks

How can language be analyzed for its similarities across cultures? Explain with scientific evidences.

Two-way ANOVA is not merely an addition of two one-way ANOVAs. Describe and evaluate with examples.

15 marks

Citing research evidences, bring out the role of cultural factors in socialization.

20 marks

Is amnesia merely a phenomenon of retrieval failure? Discuss in the light of empirical evidences.

15 marks

Critically evaluate the uses of paper-pencil tests in personality assessment.

15 marks

Even though validity often requires reliability, the reverse is not true. Explain.

10 marks

"If you accept that studying does not come naturally, then it is apparent that one should need to set-up an organized schedule to promote adequate study." Comment on this statement and highlight the important steps.

10 marks

Describe factors that may positively or negatively affect academic performance.

Discuss why and how news coverage in the media affects us.

10 marks

What is successful aging? What are the components of successful aging?

10 marks

Explain why group membership can have a powerful influence on social behaviours and decisions.

15 marks

Given the rapid changes that are taking place in the Media, specially the internet and smartphones, discuss the psychological impact of these on adolescents.

15 marks

Why no single form of therapy works best for every problem? How an eclectic approach is an answer to it?

20 marks

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? Discuss the newer forms of prejudice that we see today.

15 marks

How would cognitive therapy explain the cause for clinical depression of a client and what would be the therapeutic approach followed for the treatment?

15 marks

In the light of research, discuss the ways in which social conflicts can be resolved.

How can one make a decision of using exploratory factor analysis or confirmatory factor analysis or an integrated approach while constructing a psychological test?

Why is Narcissistic personality disorder considered as a personality disorder? What are the obstacles faced by the clinicians to treat these types of clients?

How can substance abuse be explained through different psychological approaches? How can rehabilitation process help the people indulging in substance abuse?

"Psychological tests are important in personnel selection." Give reason to it and describe which psychological tests are generally used.

10 marks

How can one differentiate between learning and training? Discuss any two executive training methods giving suitable examples.

10 marks

Discuss the relationship of achievement motivation to entrepreneurial behaviour, citing relevant research.

10 marks

How can community play an important role in providing safety to women? Discuss.

How can group cohesion method be a strong psychological intervention in enhancing the team performance?

10 marks

Discuss socio-emotional factors affecting achievement motivation among students from disadvantage groups.

15 marks

Why is psychological wellbeing considered as an essential factor of health? What are the different ways it can be enhanced?

15 marks

Critically examine Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation and point out that in what way Herzberg's theory is different from Maslowian theory?

20 marks

Point out the general psychological consequences of social and economic disadvantaged groups.

15 marks

Explain the influence of media towards antisocial behaviour through different learning theories.

15 marks

There is a strong need for a wellbeing curriculum for children in schools. You are asked to develop such a curriculum. What would be the focus and essential components of such a curriculum?

20 marks

"Why is social change necessary? Discuss the effective strategies to bring about social change for community development.

15 marks

"Population explosion and high population density have negative psychological consequences." Explain this statement especially stressing light on negative psychological consequences.

13 marks

"Rapid scientific and technological growth are responsible for degradation of environment, although, scientific and technological developments are necessary for National development." Discuss the above assertion and point out the mechanisms for controlling the environmental degradation.

20 marks

Discuss how psychology can be applied in solving the problem of global climate change.

"Human memory is not like information stored in a tape recorder or compact disc." Critically evaluate the statement.

According to Piaget, the epocentric preschooler is mot intentionally 'inconsiderate' but rather has difficulty taking another's viewpoint. Explain.

Explain and critically evaluate the phenomenon of perceptual defence.

Examine how probability learning is different from other types of learning. Give examples.

Perception is plastic. However, it may also be affected by innate tendencies. Critically evaluate.

20 marks

How have neuroscientists and evolutionary scientists contributed to modern psychology?

15 marks

Demonstrate the importance of the shallow and deep levels of processing in remembering. With the help of daily life examples, explain how retricval cucs enable us to remember.

Why is the principle of random assignment of participants used in experimental method? How do experimenter effects and demand characteristics influence participants' behaviour in experimentation? What procedures can be adopted to minimize such pitfalls?

20 marks

Differentiate between positive and negative types of reinforcement and punishment. Describe how these could be applied to enforce putting on the seat belts while driving.

15 marks

Differentiate between various developmental tasks of young men and women in India.

15 marks

What are the assumptions underlying ANOVA? Discuss the conditions when two-way ANOVA is applied and how the results are interpreted with a hypothetical example,

20 marks

Discuss signal detection theory and explain its applications.

15 marks

How can different methods of sampling and data collection be useful in impact evaluation of government social schemes? Describe with a suitable example.

15 marks

eye afar Explain the use of availability heuristic and representativeness heuristic in problem solving with the help of research studies.

De you think being in a good mood reduces your capacity to process incoming information? Examine in the light of research studies.

According to Bandura, human beings often demonstrate impressive capacity for the self-regulation of their own behaviour. Evaluate.

In what way can dissonance be an effective means for changing attitudes and behaviour?

Explain various limitations of verbal communication.

Compare the trait perspective and humanistic perspective on personality.

20 marks

"Creativity refers to novel ideas that address some problems in a useful way." Critically examine the statement and discuss how creative insight can be explained,

15 marks

Is sleep a passive process? Justify your answer with proper scientific support.

15 marks

Describe the structure and features of language focussing on what makes human language unique in comparison to communication in animals,

20 marks

Discuss contemporary researches on simulating human intelligence using machines and their implications for understanding human behaviour,

15 marks

Discuss the significance and correlates of values. Comment on the impact of social media on values.

15 marks

Describe how J. P, Das' theory is distinct from other theories of intelligence.

20 marks

Explain the concepts of self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error. How do they affect problem solving?

15 marks

Are emotionally competent people internally controlled? Explain. What are the ways to enhance intrinsic motivation of young adults?

15 marks

Bring out the similaritics and differences between intelligence, aptitude, and achievernent tests.

How does stress contribute to the causation of physical illness? Discuss the role of optimism as factor moderating the impact of stress.

In the context of positive social change differentiate between first-order and second-order change. Why is the second-order change often the focus of pac psychology?

What role do cultural factors play in rehabilitation of senior citizens with possible memory and cognitive decline? Comment on the significance of family and social support in such rehabilitation in India.

In what specific vay 8 can psychologists work for empowerng the communities that have been marginalized by the society?

Discuss the efficacy of systematic desensitization in reducing clients' phobic reactions. Illustrate your answer with suitable example.

15 marks

Explain the etiology of manic-depressive disorder. Evaluate the suitability of therapeutic methods for the treatment of manic-depressive disorder.

Discuss the different steps in the construction and standardization of psychological tests. Illustrate your answer with suitable example.

20 marks

How is giftedness identified and what are the issues in such identification in Indian context? How is giftedness related to IQ and creativity?

15 marks

Discuss the distinctive aspects of modern Porbentenen: therapy. How can it be helpful in the treatment of diverse array of disorders?

5 marks

Can effective teaching-learming be viewed as a process of collaborative construction of knowledge? What are the implications of such a view on classroom structure and management in Indian conditions?

20 marks

Explain the nature of sensitivity training. Comment on its utility as an organizational development technique.

15 marks

Discuss the role of social and environmental intervention in rehabilitation of the mentally challenged. Why are such interventions crucial in Indian settings?

15 marks

ra are Herzberg's theory of work-motivation. Critically comment on tts relevance in Indian context.

20 marks

Explain, using psychological framework, the impact of IT and mass media on the work-life in ang

10 marks

What psychological factors act as barriers in the context of women's entrepreneurship? How can they be overcome?

10 marks

Discuss the most commonly used techniques or skills psychologists teach to athletes for improving their performance.

10 marks

Explain the psychosocial factors demotivating people from small family norms.

With some examples show how can indigenous knowledge systems be used in management of biodiversity and cultural diversity?

How is disadvantage related to a social structure of hierarchy and discrimination? What is its relationship with capability deprivation and poverty?

Discuss the relevance of frustration-aggression hypothesis in the context of caste prejudice in India.

5 marks

Discuss some major factors of educational failure among tribal communities in India. Why must education of the disadvantaged emphasise development of seli- efficacy and intrinsic motivation?

20 marks

Explain how mass media contribute to sequieting and learning of aggressive and violent behaviour. Examine the relationship between exposure to erotica and APPTESSIVETICSS, IS

Explain the psychosocial consequences of crowding and high population density. Suggest appropriate policies to deal with the related problems in Indian context.

Critically describe the role of cultural assimilation in facilitating/hindening social integration in India. Illustrate with suitable example.

20 marks

Discuss the relatondlsy 20070 stereotyping, seli-fulfilling prophesy and glass ceiling effect in an society

5 marks

What role can psychologist play in promoting psychological well being of defence personnel in the context of prolonged deprivational and stressful condition?

5 marks

a ht the internet 9 achievement motivation, entreprenurial behaviour and economic development. Discuss critically as to whether achievement motivation can be enhanced through training. Cite relevant Indian studies.

20 marks

Answer each the following questions in about 150 words

Describe how you used psychology to solve a social problem.

10 marks

Distinguish between negative reinforcement and punishment. Do you think punishment is an effective way to modify behaviour?

10 marks

In a study, the number of students intake in a college correlated very highly with violence. Explain the research finding.

10 marks

Do you think subliminal messages can actually lead to significant changes in attitudes or behaviour? Cite research evidence.

10 marks

Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour. Evaluate.

10 marks

Why do we forget? Differentiate between anterograde and retrograde amnesia.

20 marks

How can you use 'Focus Group Discussion' to promote use of toilets in rural areas?

How would you apply Operant Conditioning technique for toilet training to a 3-year-old boy?

Whatever we are, it is because of Genes. Discuss.

Which research design would you apply to prove that a particular method of teaching yields best results? Describe.

How are we able to perceive the world in three dimensions when our eyes are capable of sensing only two-dimensional images?

Evaluate "interview" as a method of data collection.

20 marks

Explain the role of meaningfulness and emotional arousal in encoding. Discuss the implications of encoding specificity principle.

Explain the differences in information processing at various levels of memory. In what way is recall affected by initial processing of information?

Answer each of the following questions in about |50 words

Creative people usually have high IQ scores but those with highest IQ scores are not necessarily the most creative people. Explain.

10 marks

Critically evaluate Noam Chomsky's theory of transformational grammar.

10 marks

Drug-addiction is just a maladaptive behaviour. Like other behaviour, it can be easily changed. Discuss.

10 marks

What is paradoxical in REM sleep? How active is a person during different stages of sleep?

Explain different types of reasoning processes used in problem solving with their strengths and limitations.

According to Gardner's theory, there is no one kind of general intelligence for ranking individuals. Explain.

8 marks

A young person helped a visually impaired woman to cross the road. He explained his action saying that he has positive attitude towards such persons. Did his attitude determine his behaviour or the behaviour determine his attitude. Explain.

20 marks

Explain the importance of Critical Periods in language development. In what ways are bilingualism and cognitive development related?

Which needs should one be high on to be a successful entrepreneur? Explain on the basis of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

15 marks

Can we do justice to measuring personality by projective and objective tests? Discuss.

20 marks

Why do some people behave aggressively towards those who defy social norms? How can such aggressive behaviours be changed?

Can we determine a person's academic performance based only on IQ score? Explain.

20 marks

How do we explain self-defeating behaviour of a person from the Humanistic perspective?

People emphasize the personal traits more than the situational factors. Evaluate the statement.

Critically evaluate the role of self-report personality inventories in personnel selection.

Explain how the concept of individual differences emerged and state its importance for vocational guidance.

Explain the concept of incongruence in person-centred therapy.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of group decision-making over decisions made by individuals.

Explain psychopathic personality and state how it is related to deviant behaviour.

Distinguish between content and process theories of work motivation. Comment on the applicability of Maslow's theory of work motivation in the Indian context.

15 marks

Discuss the importance and requirements of orthogenic schools in the context of pre-delinquent adolescents.

15 marks

Explain reciprocal inhibition in behaviour therapy and point out its theoretical basis.

20 marks

Elaborate the process of spotting and nurturing gifted children in the Indian context.

15 marks

Explain the behavioural cognitive therapy by Ellis with the steps involved in it.

What is the role of item validation in psychometric scaling? Briefly describe the steps involved.

20 marks

In the light of various theories of leadership, what kind of leaders will be effective in bringing about social change?

15 marks

Arise Explain how hallucinations and delusional contents differ in paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenia.

15 marks

What is the role of the community in handling social problems? Prepare a plan for involving the community to handle crime against women.

20 marks

Discuss the challenges and opportunities offered by multiculturalism and diversity in today's organizations.

Explain the effects of short-term and chronic exposure to noise on the performance on cognitive tasks.,

What are the psychological consequences of the fast development in information technology on adolescents?

SITE Explain how cohesiveness can be promoted in sport teams by using psychological principles.

A large number of people all over the world are forced to leave their homeland because of violence. What are the psychological problems faced by such victims of violence? Discuss a plan for their rehabilitation.

What is relative deprivation? Explain its consequences on adolescent behaviour in the current Indian scenario.

15 marks

Which psychological and cultural factors will facilitate the success of 'Beti Bachao Beti Padhao' programme? How can this programme be promoted through information technology and mass media?

15 marks

What do you understand by intergroup attitudes? Why are such attitudes considered to be a social phenomenon?

20 marks

Discuss how social integration can be promoted in India in the light of intergroup contact hypothesis and crossed categorization research.

15 marks

What is man-machine system? In this context, explain the applications of human engineering in designing the display systems of the aircrafts.

Explain the characteristics of entrepreneurial behaviour. Discuss critically as to how entrepreneurial behaviour can be cultivated through training. Cite evidence in the Indian context.

20 marks

Explain the effects of rapid scientific and technological growth on environmental degradation. Discuss the role of psychologists in reducing environmental degradation.

15 marks

Explain the role of mass media in value development. How can the mass media and information technology be used for promoting pro-social values?

15 marks

Explain the psychological, socio-cultural and economic consequences of belonging to a disadvantaged group. Suggest the steps to educate and motivate disadvantaged groups towards development.

20 marks

Answer each of the following questions in about 150 words

Explain how the fundamental understanding of psychology is helpful in the resolution of societal problems.

10 marks

How can confounding variables invalidate the apparent results of an experiment?

10 marks

"Cognitive psychologists often use computer as an analogy to explain the relation between cognition and brain." Discuss.

10 marks

Identify the most important changes that occur during adolescence.

10 marks

What do you understand by amnesia? Illustrate the types of amnesia with reference to the case of "H.M.'s brain operation".

10 marks

Discuss, with suitable examples, the key characteristics of within-group and between-groups designs.

Describe the processing of sensory input and explain how it is selected, organized and interpreted.

15 marks

Show your acquaintance with the cognitive approach to classical conditioning and describe how classical conditioning principles can be used to solve everyday problems.

20 marks

Give a critical appraisal of interference theory of forgetting and show how the process of retrieval inhibition influences forgetting.

20 marks

Describe the phenomenon of subliminal perception and explain it with reference to the concepts of backward marking and visual priming. Do you think that the effect of the phenomenon of subliminal perception can be generalized?

15 marks

Describe the parenting styles that are used in raising a normal child.

15 marks

How far do you agree with the contention that a more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity? Also describe the types of reinforcement.

15 marks

Explain the phenomena of implicit and explicit memories. Also critically evaluate Tulving's model of long-term memory.

20 marks

Answer each of the following questions in about 150 words

Describe the characteristics of Gardner's theory of intelligence.

10 marks

Explain different types of psycho-active drugs and patterns of their use.

10 marks

Discuss cognitive dissonance theory of attitude change.

10 marks

Explain the contribution of Salovey and Mayer with regard to the concept of emotional intelligence.

10 marks

What is meant by attribution? Describe, citing examples, the phenomenon of attributional augmentation.

10 marks

Explain the components of attitude and examine the methods of attitude formation.

15 marks

Distinguish between mundane and exceptional creativities and citing suitable research evidences, describe the confluence approach to creativity.

20 marks

Are projective tests really projective in nature? Describe Rorschach and TAT tests and comment on their reliabilities.

15 marks

Critically examine the metacognitive processes in problem solving. How do functional fixedness and mental set interfere in solving the problems effectively?

15 marks

Explain motivational concepts with reference to homeostatic models.

15 marks

Describe the physiological changes that are accompanied by shifts in consciousness in the process of sleep. Also discuss major sleep disorders.

20 marks

Give a comparative account of information processing models of intelligence proposed by Sternberg and J.P.

Discuss the Indian approach to personality as evident in tri-gunas.

15 marks

Discuss the components of language acquisition citing the average age at which these are demonstrated by a child.

In what ways psychological tests are useful in assessing individual differences? Answer with examples.

10 marks

How can psychological well-being of service professionals be promoted? Discuss.

Is Herzberg's theory relevant for understanding work motivation in Indian organizations? Explain.

10 marks

Examine some important psychological principles underlying effective teaching- learning process.

10 marks

Discuss the usefulness of small groups in community interventions for social development.

10 marks

Examine the role of situational factors in criminal behaviour.

Analyze the factors determining the efficacy of psychological tests. Discuss the limitations in the use of psychological tests.

15 marks

Discuss how the process of group decision making can be used effectively in bringing about social change.

20 marks

Evaluate the role of social agencies in rehabilitation of mentally and socially

How is competency mapping made use of for human resource development in modern organizations? Illustrate.

15 marks

Discuss the salient features of psychodynamic therapies and evaluate their role in the prevention of mental illnesses.

20 marks

Critically evaluate whether the principles of participatory management are equally effective in bureaucratic organizations as in industrial organizations.

15 marks

How do lifestyle variables influence quality of life of an individual in different life domains?

15 marks

What psychological factors will explain lack of social integration involving religious groups in India? Discuss.

20 marks

Discuss the efficacy of behaviour therapies in the prevention of mental illnesses.

What biological factors explain mental disorders? Discuss.

10 marks

Illustrate the significance of value education in schools and comment on its relevance for personality development of children.

10 marks

Discuss the role of psychologists in organizing tertiary level rehabilitation programmes.

10 marks

What role can media play in the promotion of small family norm in the Indian culture?

10 marks

Does need for affiliation come in the way of economic development of the tribal people? Discuss.

15 marks

Evaluate the psychological. consequences of social media in interpersonal relationships.

15 marks

What role can psychologists play in the development and implementation of the 'Skill India' scheme of the Government of India?

20 marks

warfare fora Sit Penal S?. How can psychological theories be put to use.to inoculate people against their

Discuss the role of cognitive and behaviour therapies in improving the performance of sports persons.

15 marks

Analyze the impact of crowding on mental health. Discuss the psychological measures that can be adopted to reduce the stress resulting from crowding.

20 marks

What factors account for gender differences in India? Suggest some psychological measures to reduce gender differences.

How can human engineering be put to use in devising instruments that are used by the defence personnel posted in the border areas? Discuss.

Discuss the process of prejudice formation. State the psychological strategies that can be adopted for conflict resolution.

20 marks