UPSC Mains Geography Optional PYQs, 2016-2026

What is 'Helical' flow? How Helical flow accounts for meander modifications?

Define 'pseudo monsoon' and explain its spatial distribution.

How are seamounts and Guyots the same and different? Comment.

10 marks

How a 'Solum' as a concept different from 'Pedon'? Describe.

10 marks

With suitable examples describe the hazards of flood plain settlement.

10 marks

"Environmental geomorphology deals with the impact of natural landforms and processes." Elucidate with suitable examples.

20 marks

Discuss the potential consequences of the collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) for the world.

5 marks

"Overgrazing has become an alarming situation of bioloss in many bio-geographical regions of the world." Illustrate with examples.

5 marks

Describe the general characteristics and structure of a thunderstorm and suggest suitable classification of thunderstorm.

20 marks

Anthropogenic impacts have caused major global and regional changes and imbalances in ecosystem. Elucidate with examples.

15 marks

What is scarification? List out various impacts and examples of scarification on land.

5 marks

How does the annual variations in temperature and precipitation influence plants growth, development and distribution? How do animals cope up with variations in climate?

20 marks

Examine the importance of axis of dilation of airmasses in frontogenesis and the origin of Temperate cyclones.

Construction of large dams poses serious challenges. Describe the threats and solutions associated with it.

5 marks

"Systematic Geography is essentially analytical and makes generic concepts and Universal Laws." Elucidate with examples.

Critically examine the significance of five functioning forms with regard to agricultural regions of the world proposed by D. Whittlesey.

10 marks

"The majority of migrants go only a short distance." Explain with examples.

"Sustainable development requires Intergenerational and Intragenerational equity." Comment with examples.

10 marks

"Under what situations Von Thunen's model of agricultural location is still rational." Justify with examples.

Discuss the Geometry of Land Values in Urban Community and delimiting the Central Business District (CBD) in detail.

20 marks

Analyse the measuring patterns of settlement in relation to the nearest Neighbour Index and Rank-Size-Rule in detail.

5 marks

Write an essay on disease and global warming according to the report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

5 marks

What are the main concerns of radical geography? Describe the salient features and objectives of radicalism in geography.

20 marks

Discuss agricultural productivity and techniques adopted for computing efficiency in the levels of agricultural productivity.

5 marks

Elaborate partition of Indian subcontinent and international migration in detail.

5 marks

What are the principles of urban planning? Critically analyse town planning in India in the post independence period.

20 marks

What are the approaches of human development? Describe in detail the measures for computing human development index.

15 marks

Explain the Rimland Theory with reference to ongoing geopolitical scenario in the world.

On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical / commercial / economic / ecological / environmental / cultural, in no more than 30 words for each entry

20 marks

Wea a. 1(a) & faa For question no.

Briefly describe the origin, distribution and economic significance of Cuddapah and Dharwar rock systems of India.

10 marks

Explain the vertical zonation of vegetation of the Himalayas.

10 marks

Describe the geographical conditions necessary for the growth of mangrove forests in India. Explain their ecological and economic significance.

10 marks

The relationship between El Nifio and the Indian monsoon is becoming complex under the conditions of global warming. Critically examine.

20 marks

Discuss the role of the private sector in the technological advancements of the defence industry in India.

15 marks

Explain the global supply chain for the fertilizer industry in India. How do international prices of key inputs affect domestic production?

15 marks

Examine the causes and consequences of crop diversification in India. How can crop diversification contribute to sustainable agriculture?

20 marks

India's vulnerability to maritime choke-points has increased sharply over time due to geopolitical tensions. Discuss.

15 marks

Efficient use of energy resources can resolve the energy crisis in India. Comment.

15 marks

Analyse the spatial distribution of India's automobile industry. How have the clusters like Chennai, Pune and Gurugram emerged as key auto-hubs?

20 marks

Describe the role of energy pipelines in the industrial development and in reducing the regional imbalances in India.

15 marks

Divide India into agro-ecological regions and highlight the salient features of any one of them.

15 marks

Analyse the consequences of circular migration in India. How does it influence both rural development and the urban economy?

10 marks

Explain the government initiatives for the redevelopment of slum areas in the mega cities of India.

10 marks

Discuss how Panchayati Raj institutions play a crucial role in the empowerment of women in India.

10 marks

"India's approach to the Indian Ocean is cooperative rather than coercive." Critically examine the statement.

10 marks

Disaster risk reduction and community resilience are the two pillars that need to be prioritized in the flood prone areas of India. Critically analyse.

Examine the trends in fertility rates across Indian states over time. How are they projected to evolve by 2050?

20 marks

Soil and water conservation are the major challenges in the development of hill areas of India. Explain.

15 marks

With reference to the international boundary between India and Bangladesh, discuss the related issues and challenges.

15 marks

Why is it difficult to improve the quality of air during the winter season in the Gangetic plain? Critically evaluate with suitable examples.

20 marks

Deforestation in the upper reaches of a river augments the magnitude of soil erosion. Elaborate your answer citing the example of any North Indian river.

15 marks

Assess the role of geographical isolation in preserving tribal culture, as well as hindering their socio-economic development in India.

15 marks

Critically examine the strategic, economic and ecological impacts of the proposed 'Great Nicobar Project'.

20 marks

FAST St BUS SHAH Sere Ate fear aaT SATSTT Poor road infrastructure and inadequate public transport system remain the key issues in Indian metropolitan areas. Discuss with suitable examples.

15 marks

Critically examine the environmental and economic consequences of India's rise as a global data centre hub.

15 marks

Explain the causes of glacial lake outburst flood.

What is solifluction? What are its impacts?

What geological and tectonic processes lead to the formation of nappes in orogenic belts?

Explain the relationship between air masses and local winds.

What are the fundamental differences among ocean wave, ocean current and tide?

How does denudation chronology help in understanding the sequential development of landscapes and landforms? Elucidate.

20 marks

What is deep-sea mining? What are the potential benefits and risks associated with it?

5 marks

Man and wildlife conflicts are ever increasing. Discuss its causes, consequences and remedies.

5 marks

Examine the formation of atmospheric tricellular circulation system. Describe with example its importance in making the Earth a living planet.

20 marks

What is the 'UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration'? How does it balance ecological goals with emerging socio-economic needs like food security and development?

5 marks

"The Himalaya is still rising." Expand this statement and describe the processes involved in it with suitable sketches and examples.

5 marks

What are the ecological consequences of agricultural deforestation in the Amazon and Congo Basins, particularly concerning biodiversity and climate regulation?

20 marks

Examine the distribution and balance of energy in the Earth's atmosphere system.

5 marks

Describe the process of formation of barrier islands and explain their significance.

5 marks

Why did the Welfare Approach in Human Geography emerge as a significant perspective in 970s?

What are the key environmental and economic challenges linked to the extraction and processing of critical minerals?

"Pull factors in internal migration are often based on perceptions rather than reality." Explain.

"Regional imbalances are the product of in situ and ex situ factors." Elucidate it with examples.

Why is systems analysis important in urban planning and what are its limitations? [P-T:0.

How have dichotomy and dualism affected the methodological development of Geography? Describe.

20 marks

Analyze the role of language and religion in delineating major cultural regions of the world.

Analyze the spatial patterns and regional specialization of plantation crops across tropical and subtropical regions.

Why is oil important for energy security? What is the role of oil in clean energy transition?

20 marks

Critically evaluate the role of primate cities in dominating the urban spheres of influence in developing countries.

5 marks

"The global demographic landscape is evolving with rapid population growth in some places and rapid ageing in others." Elucidate with examples.

5 marks

Why has F. Perroux's theory of growth pole as a model of regional growth been criticised? Explain with examples.

20 marks

Analyze the role of demographic transition theory in explaining variations in fertility and mortality rates globally.

5 marks

How do regional components make the regional synthesis in spatial arrangement? Explain.

On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/commercial/economic/ecological/environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry

20 marks

Referring to the location and physical formation of karewas, highlight their economic significance.

10 marks

How does Himalayan ecosystem regulate the cropping pattern and agricultural activities in Himalayan region of India? Discuss.

10 marks

Write a critically argued essay on nautical tourism and its infrastructure in India.

Explain the factors which contribute to the growth of India's pharmaceutical industry with specific reference to its concentration in western region of India.

20 marks

Why are coral reefs in India most important with respect to its dynamic ecosystem? Explore.

15 marks

How does the agricultural sector of India confront with the contemporary physical and politico-economic changes in the different regions of the country? Elucidate.

15 marks

Why is the pattern of population distribution of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes different in India? Compare their socio-economic problems with examples.

Highlight the characteristics of land utilisation in Eastern Ghats region of India. What are the recent threats to land utilisation method in the region?

15 marks

What are the challenges of dairy sector in India? Describe the contribution of bovine population.

15 marks

"Socio-political landscape in India is a result of regional consciousness creating inter-state disputes." Discuss with region specific examples.

20 marks

Why cottage industries in India are an integral part of Indian socio-economic structure? Assess this with reference to different types of cottage industries in rural India.

15 marks

"The rural settlements in India are highly diversified due to both physical and cultural factors." Justify the statement with examples.

15 marks

How can rural-urban fringe be delineated? Explain with suitable examples from India.

10 marks

"Spatial distribution of religious groups in India does not show any specific pattern." Illustrate with arguments.

"Watershed is the most appropriate spatial unit for planning." Comment.

10 marks

Is North East India a geo-political or geo-cultural region? Justify your answer.

Discuss the necessary conditions for the cultivation of fox nuts and describe the areas of its production in India.

10 marks

Describe the causes of the phenomenon of 'urban heat island'. What are the effective measures to deal with this phenomenon in India?

20 marks

With reference to the transport and communication network of India, critically discuss the Sagarmala project.

15 marks

What are the key features of sex-ratio of population in India? Evaluate the impacts of child sex-ratio on general sex-ratio in the country.

15 marks

Explain the factors that contribute to droughts in India with specific reference to food production, distribution and availability. Can Indian agricultural policies resolve the issue?

20 marks

at A are Afr What are the causes and consequences of land degradation due to desertification in India? Examine with reference to various regional issues.

15 marks

Examine the validity of Blue Economy initiatives of India. Elaborate the impacts of this economy on country's development.

15 marks

While defining the green architecture, discuss its principles and challenges in response to climate change in India.

20 marks

aaa fear & fer eat Hecagt < With reference to typical examples, assess why regional planning in India is important for island territories for their sustainable development.

13 marks

With reference to international boundaries of India, discuss the related issues, giving suitable examples.

15 marks

What are 'truncated spurs'? Where and how are they formed?

Formation of temperate cyclone depends on the condition of axis of dilation. Elucidate.

20 marks

With suitable examples explain the factors causing sea level changes.

Examine the impacts of social forestry in socio-economic transformation of rural areas.

Mountain regions are more fragile to ecological changes. Elucidate.

Examine the recent views on mountain building process and divide the world mountains on the basis of their genesis.

20 marks

Describe latitudinal distribution of Képpen's classification of world climate.

With suitable sketches elaborate the bottom topography of the Indian Ocean.

Explain air masses and associated weather dynamics. How do air masses influence the weather conditions of the Northern Hemisphere?

20 marks

"Soil erosion is creeping death." Explaining the statement, suggest various soil conservation measures.

Perception, Attitude, Value and Emotion (PAVE) are important components for biodiversity and sustainable environmental conservation. Elaborate.

How is carbon neutrality essential for future environmental conservation? Describe various efforts taken by nations in this regard.

20 marks

What is a Yazoo stream? Why are Yazoo basins the areas of repeated flooding? Give examples of Yazoo stream/areas from various parts of the world.

"The latitudinal gradient in species richness is an important geographic trend in biodiversity." Examine the statement.

Critically examine the significance of Behavioural Approach in the development of human geography.

"While scarcity of water resources are felt locally, but its causes are increasingly global." Comment.

Central Business Districts (CBDs) are in decline as the economic core of metropolitan cities. Critically examine.

There is a need for gender-sensitive regional development. Elaborate.

20 marks

Explain the theoretical framework and stages of economic growth proposed by Rostow's model.

The urbanisation process is particularly pronounced in Asia and Africa, where too many urban residents grapple with extreme poverty, exclusion, vulnerability and marginalisation. Discuss.

20 marks

Explain how the physical view of geographical space has impacted the forms of spatial analysis.

Explain the Heartland theory with reference to contemporary geopolitical scenario of the world.

Explain the basis of D. Whittlesey's classification of agricultural regions of the world.

What is Transnationalism? Why has the scale and scope of transnational linkages of diaspora multiplied in recent times?

Assess the criteria required for selecting regions for developmental planning.

What is complementary region? With reference to hierarchy of settlements, describe the different types of complementary regions as proposed by Christaller.

20 marks

Analyse the spatial changes and emerging patterns of semiconductor manufacturing in the world.

"In developed countries, migration rather than fertility will be the main driver of population dynamics over the next few decades." Examine the statement.

On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/commercial/economic/ecological /environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry

20 marks

Discuss the basis of various explanations for the formation of Shiwalik.

10 marks

Conservation and breeding centres are important components of the Action Plan for Vulture Conservation, 2020-2025.

10 marks

North-Eastern States of India are geopolitically sensitive and strategically significant. Explain.

10 marks

Institutional factors are playing a dominant role in controlling the agricultural prosperity in India. Justify with evidences.

20 marks

The Indian Space Policy, 2023 supports the commercial presence in space. In what ways will it benefit the socio-economic development and security of India?

15 marks

Discuss the process of formation of conurbations in India and describe their problems.

15 marks

India has wide-ranging regional disparities in economic development. Explain the patterns, implications and challenges.

20 marks

SPITE Discuss the variations in nature of glaciers in India and the emerging issues due to climate change.

15 marks

Domestic tourism in India has immense local resource potential. Discuss the reasons and its various dimensions.

15 marks

Migration is the reflection of regional disparities. What socio-economic and demographic consequences are experienced at the place of origin and destination?

20 marks

In spite of various tribal area development programmes in India, tribal areas still lag behind. Discuss critically with examples.

15 marks

Water scarcity is an important cause of disputes and conflicts in India. Suggest innovative methods for location-based solutions.

15 marks

How are geographic factors influencing the distribution of high annual rainfall in certain parts of India?

Indian population belongs to large number of races. Discuss the spatial distribution of major races.

Examine the transitional role of technology on Indian agriculture sector.

Describe the area-specific strategies for the development of drought-prone areas in India.

Examine the relationship between seaports and regional development in India.

Industrial waste is diversified. Discuss the potentials and challenges associated with it.

20 marks

How is cultural background of States of India reflected in the attributes of sex and age structure?

15 marks

facet Fist Discuss the targets of focused interventions of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain, 2024 in rural and urban areas.

15 marks

India is playing a very significant role in world affairs. Examine the stands taken by India in important global and regional summits.

20 marks

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act devolved functions, finances and functionaries for planning of rural areas in India. Discuss the major achievements with examples.

15 marks

How do small and fragmented landholdings affect the agro-ecological system in rural India? What are the resilient steps needed to overcome this issue?

15 marks

How can morphology of Indian towns be described historically? Discuss the major features of the first planned city in India after independence.

20 marks

Health is the outcome of interaction between physical setting, cultural traits and ecological connection. Explain.

15 marks

wratera fret at tet 8? What are the major regional rapid transit systems developed in India? How are urban problems being addressed by them?

15 marks

ee? he ere tees 58) pistast hex 17 bee nite Shes: a i

7 bk? 4 ¥. a a al Pot - - 3 a. 7 = yes i 1, we we +. 7 [:.

A a a ~ A ® =A

'ate ieee ye. ceo cant "- eat 'i

What is "Geostrophic Wind"? Explain the relationship between barometric slope and air circulation.

What is ocean ranching? How are aqua-cowboys related to such activities?

Explain the natural processes of soil enrichment and its impact on food production.

How is 'Deep Ecology' as a concept different from 'Shallow Ecology'? Explain.

What are the environmental implications of economic geology? Discuss.

"Evidences from palaeomagnetism and sea floor spreading have validated that continents and ocean basins have never been stationary." Elucidate with suitable diagrams.

20 marks

Explain the characteristics and weather conditions associated with 'Anticyclones' giving suitable examples.

5 marks

How are ocean currents generated? Discuss their effects on coastal climates with special reference to the Pacific Ocean.

What are the causes of origin of local winds? Discuss their significance on prevailing weather and climate in various regions, with suitable examples.

20 marks

Define Peneplains. Describe the landscape features associated with peneplains under different types cycles.

5 marks

What are the factors affecting regional ecological changes? How do these affect human health?

Give an account of marine resources and their economic significance. How has marine pollution affected such resources?

20 marks

Differentiate between the characteristics of organic horizons and mineral horizons in a generalised soil profile.

How does inversion of temperature occur? Explain its significance on local weather with suitable examples.

Explain the sequential development of areal differentiation as a fundamental concept in Human Geography.

Discuss critically food and nutrition problems associated with the developing world.

Human migration is a reflection of the balance between push and pull factors. Elaborate with reference to the most recent diaspora.

Has Malthusian Theory been discredited in contemporary times? Justify your answer.

Discuss the different types of polarisation induced spatial inequalities and imbalances associated with growth poles.

Explain the problems and prospects of urban expansion in the context of urban fringe in developed and developing nations.

20 marks

What is the relation between gender equity and human development? Provide a list of commonly used gender related indices.

Explain population, resource use and development nexus in the Limits to Growth Model. Why has this model been criticized intensively?

Explain with suitable diagrams A. Losch's model of the Theory of Location related to Central Places. Why has this been criticized?

20 marks

How can Sustainable Land Management (SLM) harmonise the complimentary goals of environmental, economic and social opportunities? Discuss.

5 marks

"The stages of Demographic Transition are a reflection of uneven economic development across the globe." Explain with suitable examples.

"Rural settlements are expressions of the basic relationships between human beings and their physical and social environment." Discuss.

20 marks

Describe the concept of Planning Region. Explain the environmental and economic factors in the creation of such regions.

5 marks

"Boundaries and frontiers have different meanings in geographical literature." Substantiate your answer in the present context.

On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/commercial/economic/ecological/environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry

20 marks

AHersl Usa SAM

TAR Face

WITH AFGHANISTAN, BANGLADESH, BHUTAN, NEPAL, MYANMAR (BURMA), PAKISTAN AND SRI LANKA

Nee. 0 ~ *~ oN rae / "I %

Describe the origin, distribution and economic significance of Gondwana system of rocks in India.

10 marks

Examine the role of Indian Earth Observation Satellite Technology in enhancing weather forecasting and disaster management.

10 marks

Discuss the impact of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 on forest conservation in India.

10 marks

Examine the environmental challenges caused by the solid waste in metropolitan regions of India and discuss the efforts to overcome At

20 marks

Why are millets considered as 'nutri-cereals' and climate-resilient? Discuss the constraints and opportunities of millet cultivation in India.

15 marks

Examine the geostrategic significance of Indian islands.

15 marks

Indian Pharma Industry has to move from 'volume' to 'value' leadership to capture global market. Discuss.

20 marks

Discuss the problems of floods and their management with special reference to Indo-Gangetic Plain.

Critically examine the role of petroleum energy resources on International Geopolitics with special reference to India.

15 marks

With falling fertility rate and rising median age, how can India translate demographic dividend to economic dividend?

20 marks

Poor quality of urban planning in India is a huge constraint in realizing the true economic potentials of urbanization. Critically examine.

15 marks

feat At fede Air |. Highlight the salient features of India's trade policy. Discuss the status of India's balance of trade with China.

15 marks

SITE Identify the jute-producing areas and discuss the major causes of decline of jute mill industry in India.

Urban built environment in big cities of India creates key changes in biophysical character of the landscape. Discuss.

Explain the geological characteristics and ecological significance of the Eastern Ghats.

Explain the cultural regions of India based on their cultural attributes.

Why are critical minerals essential for the economic development and national security in India?

A large number of Indian cities have a complex morphological characteristics due to their historical evolution. Elucidate.

20 marks

Discuss the significance of organic farming for sustainable agricultural development in India.

15 marks

Examine the geopolitical impact of bilateral relationship between India and Sri Lanka.

Discuss the green energy initiatives of India as a signatory nation to the Paris Agreement.

20 marks

India's poultry sector has become one of the fastest growing areas of the country's agricultural sector. Examine its opportunities and challenges.

15 marks

Critically examine the ecological and economic impact of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area development.

15 marks

Why India lags behind many other countries in agricultural productivity? Suggest suitable measures to raise productivity across the regions in a sustainable manner.

20 marks

Assess the ecotourism potential of Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep islands and highlight the challenges associated with the sustainable development of island territories.

15 marks

Describe the regional variations of health indicators among the Indian States.

15 marks

Define 'speleothem'. Discuss the various forms and features of speleothems.

10 marks

What are the high altitude environmental hazards? Explain with suitable examples.

What is pollution dome? Discuss its formation and impacts.

10 marks

At caret Fife When corals are affected by stress it causes them to turn completely white. Explain the reasons of such an occurrence.

10 marks

Well developed soils typically exhibit distinct layers in their soil profile. Elaborate.

Sequential changes in land use and land cover have brought global and regional ecological changes and imbalances. Elucidate.

20 marks

Explain how various aspects of channel morphology are used in transportation, settlement and land use planning, flood control and flood management?

15 marks

What is the relationship between ocean currents and global surface wind systems? Explain with examples how does the gyre in the Northern Hemisphere differ from the one in the Southern Hemisphere.

15 marks

Plants and animals that exist in a particular ecosystem are those that have been successful in adjusting to their habitat and environmental conditions. Elucidate with examples.

20 marks

With suitable examples describe the impacts of movement of airmasses on weather and winds in different parts of the continents.

15 marks

Discuss the role of Slope, Altitude and Relief (SAR) in landscape development.

Rise of surface temperature brings severe consequences. Elaborate the potential changes and threats associated with it in the world.

20 marks

Describe how short term variations in temperature are related to the processes of receiving energy from the sun to the Earth's surface and dissipating it to the atmosphere.

15 marks

With the help of suitable sketches describe the mountain genesis and mountain types. Give suitable examples from various mountain systems of the world.

15 marks

Analyse the effects of Globalisation on languages.

10 marks

"Shifting global trade patterns create new opportunities". Examine this statement.

Examine the morphological factors that influence the origin and growth of towns.

Discuss the role of transportation accessibility in regional development.

10 marks

f Explain the geometrical boundaries with examples.

10 marks

"Culture is a dynamic concept". Elucidate with examples.

20 marks

"Automation is rapidly changing the economies of labour and will affect trade patterns in significant ways". Clarify.

15 marks

"Over crowding leads to chronic problem of shortage of housing in Indian cities". Explain citing relevant examples.

15 marks

"Climate change is a serious problem to global food security and poverty eradication". Critically examine.

20 marks

Critically examine the significance of the Quantitative Revolution and its influence in the development of Geography.

15 marks

Explain in detail the impact of regional disparities on economic development.

15 marks

How migration is affected by push and pull factors? Explain how these factors play a role in understanding new settlement patterns.

Explain the relevance and applicability of Von Thunen theory of Agriculture-location in today's world.

15 marks

Discuss the concept of 'Rank-Size-Rule' given by G. K. Zipf. Is this rule relevant in Indian context?

15 marks

On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical / commercial / economic / ecological / environmental / cultural, in no more than 30 words for each entry

20 marks

A. 1(a) H frre For question no. 1(a) INDIA WITH AFGHANISTAN, BANGLADESH, BHUTAN, NEPAL, MYANMAR (BURMA), PAKISTAN AND SRI LANKA

Why has extreme particulate pollution remained a festering issue in Delhi NCR region?

How do physiography and climate of India explain the biological diversity of the country?

10 marks

The process of desertification.leads to soil desiccation and soil loss. Explain.

10 marks

Critically examine the factors affecting the unpredictability of South-West Monsoon system in India.

20 marks

The peninsular location of India provides scope for harnessing non-conventional energy resources. Discuss with examples.

15 marks

Groundwater contamination in the fast expanding urban landscape of India appears to have become a major public health issue. Discuss.

15 marks

Discuss the recent changes brought about in institutional frameworks of agriculture in India. Evaluate its impact on the agrarian economy of the country.

20 marks

Discuss the continuing disputes on water sharing between the riparian states of North-West India.

15 marks

Soils of India, are clear reflections of the structure and process. Comment.

15 marks

India is bestowed with rich mineral resources due to its geological structure. Correlate the above statement with large mineral belts of India.

20 marks

Discuss the importance of 'Dry-land' farming in the drought-prone regions of India.

15 marks

Incidence of extreme rainfall events and flash floods in recent times have led to devastating consequences for people living in low-lying areas and flood plains of the country. Discuss.

15 marks

Discuss the impact of Forest Rights Act, 2006 on the local forest communities in India.

10 marks

Can the Panchayat Raj institutions play a role in grassroot level planning in India? If yes, discuss how.

10 marks

Discuss the significance of new ports on the Western Coast of India on the external trade of the country.

10 marks

How would decline in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) below the replacement level, in many states of India affect the future population structure of the country?

10 marks

Kalapani dispute has opened a new front on the India-Nepal international border. Explain.

10 marks

Why do disparities in development and incomes between regions persist in large countries like India? How does the recent ADP plan address the issue?

20 marks

Critically examine the role of IRNSS-NavIC programme on the satellite navigation system of India.

15 marks

Examine the role of high population concentration in Indian slums in making them more vulnerable during pandemic conditions like the COVID-19.__.

15 marks

Discuss the salient characteristics of industrial complexes of Western India. Examine the impact of SEZ policy on the region.

20 marks

Discuss the emergence of linguistic regions and states in India.

15 marks

What are the drivers of urban sprawl around the major cities of the country? How have new investments in transport projects supported sprawl development?

15 marks

How do agro-climatic and land capability indicators assist in macro-agricultural regionalisation of India? Illustrate with an appropriate map.

20 marks

Discuss the geopolitical significance of Quad in the Indo-Pacific realm with reference to marine trade in the region.

15 marks

after apr Festa Arise Evaluate the role of the National Food Security Act, 2013 in providing access of food to the poor in India.

15 marks

Describe the concept of 'Altiplanation'.

What are the important factors responsible for airmass modifications?

10 marks

Discuss the hazards associated with rise of sea-surface temperature.

Gene pool centres are "Good Hope' for biodiversity conservation.-Elucidate.

10 marks

Describe how ecosystem services of Himalaya are essential for Highland-Lowland sustainability in Asia.

10 marks

The concept of Plate tectonics has been derived from the isostasy and continental — - drift theory. Elaborate citing suitable examples.

20 marks

Give a detailed account of bottom topography of the Pacific Ocean.

5 marks

Soil erosion and soil degradation are threat to food supply. Discuss.

5 marks

Examine major influencing factors for varied patterns of precipitations on the continents.

20 marks

Maritime security is being neglected. Indicate the major challenges and suggest solutions in the context of Law of the Sea.

5 marks

Explaining the concept of carbon neutrality, describe the measures taken by carbon positive and negative nations.: iS

With suitable examples, elaborate human ecological adaptations. Explain its impacts ~ on ecology and environment in various parts of the world.

20 marks

Stream basins and drainage divides are important components to delineate a watershed area. Explain.

5 marks

Indicating the causes of lightning, describe the threats associated with it.

5 marks

The interrelationships between social and spatial structure are complex. Explain in the context of socio-spatial dialectic.

10 marks

How is energy transition seen as an instrument for achieving zero carbon by 2050?

10 marks

Protected cultivation assists in healthier and a larger produce. Justify with examples.

10 marks

Explain the processes of contagion and hierarchical diffusion in addressing regional imbalances.

10 marks

Examine the relevance of Central Place Theory of Christaller in the present context..

10 marks

Development-induced displacement poses serious challenges. Mention its causes, consequences and solutions.

Describe the role of accessibility and affordability in food security of developing world.

5 marks

The environmental issues are not adequately addressed in the regional planning. Comment.

5 marks

Suggest criteria, indicators and techniques for delimitation of formal regions.

20 marks

Boundaries are important in geopolitics. Explain. What issues develop from the inclusionary and exclusionary aspects of borders?

5 marks

Small number of mega cities are playing key role in organisation of global economics and culture. Explain.

5 marks

Why is radicalism seen as a major paradigm shift in geography? Explain its causes, approaches and criticism.

20 marks

Aging population has adverse social and economic consequences. Explain with examples.

Present a critical account of Alfred Weber Theory of industrial location.

On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations whether physical /commercial/economic/ecological/ environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry

20 marks

Sir Creek (vii) i asia aaa

Discuss the geo-political impact of bilateral relationship between India and Bhutan.

10 marks

Discuss the economic significance of volcanic soils of India.

10 marks

Give a reasoned account of difference between sugar industry of North and Peninsular India.

10 marks

Landslide is a major problem in Himalayan region. Discuss its causes and mitigation measures.

20 marks

Appraise why drought is one of the most common climatic extremes in India.

15 marks

Discuss the ecological and economic challenges of river linking in India.

15 marks

Discuss the importance of solar energy in future economic development of India.

20 marks

Critically examine the importance of Smart Cities Programme for solving urban problems in India.

15 marks

Examine the significance of ecotourism in relation to socio-economic development and biodiversity conservation in India.

15 marks

Discuss the reserves, distribution and production of all varieties of coal in India.

20 marks

Describe the salient features of east-flowing rivers of India.

15 marks

Critically examine the problems of inter-State border disputes in India.

Discuss the salient features of Project Tiger in India.

Describe the problems of cloud burst in India giving suitable examples.

Discuss the role of watershed management for soil and water conservation in hilly regions of India.

Critically examine the relevance of Ravenstein's law of population migration with reference to India.

Explain the impact of tropical cyclones and western disturbances on the climate of India.

20 marks

Examine the critical issues of groundwater resources in India.

15 marks

Describe the structure and relief features of Deccan Plateau.

15 marks

Critically examine how Panchayati Raj system is catalyst in decentralized planning in India.

20 marks

Identify the major industrial corridors of India and discuss the characteristics of Bengaluru-Mumbai Corridor.

Assess the growth of multinational corporations in liberalized economic environment of India.

15 marks

Examine how information and communication technology has boosted the development of certain regions of India.

20 marks

Discuss the Command Area Development Programme and its impact on eliminating regional inequalities in India.

15 marks

Critically assess the status of balance of trade in India and suggest some measures to combat the issues.

15 marks

Write a geographical note on Halloween Storm.

Why is mapping important for analysing geo-hydrological investigations? Explain with relevant examples.

Marine resources are economically very significant. Discuss citing suitable examples.

Which factors influence the growth of wild plants in India? Discuss their economic significance.

Discuss the problems associated with the living environment in million plus cities in India. How can these be managed?

Write an essay on the evolution of continents and oceans using various theories and models.

20 marks

Discuss the concept of coral bleaching, its recovery and macroalgal regime shifts due to this process.

15 marks

Explain the currents of the North Atlantic Ocean and their significant role in the climate of Western Europe.

15 marks

Explain how various factors influence the origin and development of the Indian monsoon system.

20 marks

Explain the effects and causes of deforestation, and its impact on the pattern of agriculture in India.

15 marks

Explain the characteristic features of Frontogenesis and Frontolysis.

15 marks

Discuss the problems of erosional surfaces and explain the different methods to identify them with suitable diagrams.

20 marks

Land use/Land cover and soil types influence forage quantity and quality in semi-arid regions of the world. Discuss with relevant examples.

15 marks

Discuss the human response to and management of hazards and disasters in India.

15 marks

Analyse India's food security in the context of population growth.

Identify the causes and effects of energy crisis, and suggest suitable measures to solve the problem.

Distinguish between mobility and migration. What are the causes and consequences of rural to urban migration in India?

"Where economic growth is sustained over long time periods, its incidence works towards a progressive integration of the space economy." Elucidate.

Write a note on the relevance of von Thiinen's agricultural location theory in; the present context.

Compare and contrast the Malthusian and Neo-Malthusian perspectives in the context of population growth, resource use and environmental impact.

20 marks

"Land degradation is a threat to productivity and sustainable resource management." Explain with suitable examples from India.

15 marks

In the modern world, most of the frontiers have been replaced by boundaries. Explain the reasons.

15 marks

Discuss the concept of urban resilience in the context of planning for sustainable development with reference to towns and cities of India.

20 marks

Analyse the dynamics of industrial location in the metropolitan cities of India.

15 marks

Write an essay on gender equity and equality in India in the context of balanced human development.

15 marks

Discuss how and why Mackinder modified his concept of Pivot Area after the World Wars.

20 marks

Provide an account of world population transition in the context of fertility decline and socio-economic development.

15 marks

"Human ecology is the study of mutual relationship of people and their environment both natural and social." Discuss in detail using ecological concepts.

15 marks

On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations whether physical /commercial/economic/ecological/environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry: 2x

20 marks

WITH AFGHANISTAN, BANGLADESH, BHUTAN, NEPAL, MYANMAR (BURMA), PAKISTAN AND SRI LANKA

Climate change has unsettled the rhythm of seasons. Comment with examples and empirical evidences.

10 marks

Discuss the methods of crop residue management in rural India to reduce pollution.

Has the regional aspiration of the people of Jammu and Kashmir been addressed through re-organisation of the state? Make an assessment.

10 marks

Identifying areas covered under tribal sub-plan, discuss the programmes initiated to address their problems.

20 marks

Soil types in India, classified on the basis of colour, possess specific chemical and mineral characteristics. Discuss.

15 marks

The pharmaceutical industry in India depends on the import of raw materials. Evaluate this statement in view of the Indo-Chinese relationship.

15 marks

India has opened-up its space to private sector for satellite based activities. Critically examine its implications indicating the major security concerns.

20 marks

Identify oilseeds producing areas in India and discuss the measures to promote edible oil industry.

15 marks

Give a reasoned geographical account of changing rural folk houses in India.

15 marks

Border area development is an important national priority. What are the resilient steps needed for peaceful borders?

20 marks

Stunting and wasting among children are major consequences of food insecurity. Discuss various schemes of Government of India to address these problems and their achievements.

15 marks

The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Bill 2020 aims to deregulate the production, supply and distribution of farm produce. Critically examine its spatial consequences.

15 marks

The success of Panchayati Raj depends upon meaningful participation of people at

Elucidate the benefits of neem coated urea scheme for Indian agriculture.

10 marks

Canal irrigation has led to monocropping in India. Explain with suitable examples.

The pattern of growing ecological foot-prints is uneven in nature. Analyse with reference to land resources in India.

10 marks

Identify challenges faced by generative and parasitic towns in India and their possible remedies.

10 marks

Digital Divide in India needs quick redressal to reduce regional disparity in development. Elaborate with suitable examples.

20 marks

Avalanche is a major hazard in the Himalayas. What are its causes and mitigation measures?

15 marks

The process of demographic transition is not uniform in India. Examine this statement in the context of demographic transition theory.

15 marks

Demarcating the seismic zones of India, suggest suitable interventions required in most sensitive seismic zones for sustainable human settlements.

20 marks

What are the characteristics of Blue Flag certified beaches? Discuss their significance for beach tourism in India.

15 marks

Urban sprawl around planned cities evolve leading to emergence of squatter. settlements. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of such outgrowth.

15 marks

Analyse the changing nature of workforce composition vis-a-vis rural-urban divide in India.

20 marks

Describe the economic, maritime and strategic interests of India in South China Sea.

What kind of skill promotion programmes have been initiated for job deficient regions in India? Explain.

15 marks

Describe phreatic eruptions and their consequences.

Explain the techniques to calculate potential evapotranspiration suggested by Thornthwaite.

Amensalism is a biotic factor that determines the geographic limits of species. Explain.

How do mountaineers constitute a threat to Mount Everest?

Why is it necessary to conserve genetic diversity of species? Do protected areas serve any useful purpose in this context?

20 marks

Compare and contrast different types of plate boundaries.

15 marks

Explain the nature of urban climates and their impact on global environmental change.

15 marks

Discuss in detail the tri-cellular model of atmospheric circulation.

20 marks

How are soil acidity and alkalinity related to soil fertility?

15 marks

"The web of life is seamless and the consequences of disruption to one part of the ecosystem ripple throughout the whole." Elaborate.

15 marks

Discuss the methods of measuring the intensity and magnitude of earthquakes. How are seismic zones demarcated?

20 marks

The impact of floods on life and property can be most effectively reduced by hazard mapping. Comment.

How are ocean waves formed? Distinguish between a wave of oscillation and a wave of translation.

15 marks

"A language originates at a particular place and diffuses to other locations through the migration of its speakers." Examine this statement in the context of language hot spots and endangered language hot spots.

Define stunting and wasting. Why are these more prevalent among children in developing countries?

Explain the relationship between net reproductive rate (NRR) and true replacement level of population.

What are natural regions? How are they different from planning regions?

Discuss the genetic classification of boundaries suggested by Hartshorne.

AM 2| Tao Ho ago Al stated siesta wares Vela FIST HDI has brought about a paradigm shift in the way people think about the development process. Critically examine the inherent limitations of HDI.

20 marks

"A large-scale global shift in manufacturing is the outcome of deindustrialization in the developed world matched by industrialization in the developing world." Analyze this statement.

What do you mean by 'climate migrants'? Suggest appropriate policies and programmes for their resettlement.

15 marks

What changes in the current planning, management and governance of human settlements are needed to face the changing environment including climate change and disaster vulnerabilities in cities?

20 marks

Globalization can often subsume folk culture. What are its positive and negative effects?

15 marks

"Growth is not uniform in different places." Critically examine this statement in the context of the growth pole theory.

ara fast a areas ale Ais Distinguish between 'isodapanes' and 'isotims'. Critically examine the least cost theory of industrial location given by Alfred Weber.

20 marks

Assess the challenges for countries with the largest shares of aged populations.

15 marks

Examine the relevance of the 'rimland theory' in the contemporary world.

15 marks

On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether; physical /commercial /economic/ecological/environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry

20 marks

INDIA WITH AFGHANISTAN, BANGLADESH, BHUTAN, NEPAL, MYANMAR (BURMA), PAKISTAN AND SRI LANKA

Examine the major causes of ground water depletion in India.

10 marks

Why is the Indian Monsoon erratic in nature? Explain.

10 marks

Explain the significance of dry farming in drought prone areas of India.

10 marks

Correlate the agro-climatic zones with agro-ecological regions of India.

20 marks

Critically analyse the role of multinational corporations in India's economic development with suitable examples.

15 marks

Discuss how watershed management has become a tool in eradication of rural poverty in India.

15 marks

mara at faa Fifi Discuss the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides in agriculture and its impact on human health.

20 marks

Examine ongoing space programmes of India and their implications for national security in future.

15 marks

Discuss the rainfall pattern and correlate it with spatial distribution of natural vegetation in India.

15 marks

Discuss the political aspects of Himalaya. Explain how it has affected the — geo-strategy, geo-politics and regional consciousness of Indian federalism.

20 marks

Examine the development of information technology in India and its influence on work culture and society.

15 marks

Explain the present status of age-structure and availability of workforce in India.

Present the salient features of West flowing rivers of India.

10 marks

Discuss the problems of wildlife conservation and management in India.

10 marks

Correlate the price of land, vertical growth of cities and the growth of slums in large cities of India.

10 marks

Assess the importance of foot-loose industries in the development of backward regions in India.

10 marks

Examine the problems of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in India.

10 marks

"Intrabasins linkages of rivers are more feasible economically, socially and: ecologically". Discuss with suitable examples from India.

Provide a reasoned account on emerging conurbations in India and explain with suitable examples the problems associated with it.

15 marks

Explain the relevance of green tourism for sustainable development of mountain: environment in India.

15 marks

Analyse the role of interstate migration in regional disparity in India.

20 marks

Give a reasoned account of high level of pollution in North Indian cities as compared to South Indian cities.

15 marks

Analyse the incentive oriented programmes for removing regional imbalances in. socio-economic development of India.

15 marks

With special reference to India examine the changes in the nature and patterns of international trade. Mention the major influencing factors.

20 marks

Describe the altitudinal and spatial geo-environmental hazards in the Himalayas.

"India is emerging as global power in relation to Indian ocean realm." Elaborate.

"Landscape is a function of structure, process and stage." Critique the statement.

Explain the role of evaporation in the hydrologic cycle.

10 marks

Describe the causes and consequences of sea level changes.

Distinguish between intrazonal and azonal soils, Describe in brief the characteristics and importance of azonal soils.

Explain the natural and anthropogenic causes and mitigation measures of frequent flooding in Mumbai.

Evaluate how far Kober's geosynclinal theory explains the mountain building process.

20 marks

Critically examine the basis and scheme of climatic classification proposed by G.T. Trewartha.

Discuss the objectives and principles of environmental education. Deseribe the basic concerns of formal and non-formal environmental education in India.

15 marks

Explain the origin, progress and retreat of the Indian monsoon and discuss its impact on the Indian economy.

20 marks

hazards in the Himalayan region." Comment with relevant examples.

"Controlling population growth is the sustainable solution to environmental problems." Express your views with suitable arguments.

Describe the potential marine energy resources with reference to their benefits, harvestibility and environmental impacts.

20 marks

Explain the ecosystem approach to environmental management and highlight its advantages and disadvantages.

Discuss the causes of degradation of tropical rainforests and suggest remedial measures for their prevention, conservation and development.

"Geography is a contested and multiparadigmic discipline with a strong eurocentricity that has only recently been challenged." Comment.

Discuss the degree of importance of transportation costs as a factor of industrial location with respect to "footloose industries".

Explain the concepts of "megalopolis" and "exopolis" with regard to the growth of cities indicating whether the two can and do overlap.

Write a note on "forward and backward linkages" in Perroux's thesis of economic growth and regional development.

Outline briefly the "age of mass consumption" as described by Rostow in his 'multi-stage theory of growth'.

"Areal differentiation has provided the theoretical justification for studying 'regions' and 'regional geography'." Comment.

20 marks

Citing examples from Asia and Europe, comment upon the contexts within which pronatalist population policies are advanced. What could be the implications of these policies on women's workforce participation?

5 marks

Comment upon the contributions of 0.0, Smith in outlining 'welfare' as a key focus in the geographies of social well-being.

"Famine is a social phenomena rooted in institutional and political economic arrangements, which determine access to food by different classes and strata." Comment.

20 marks

Provide a brief outline of ideas related to "sense of place" as propounded by Yi-Fu Tuan and Relph in the humanistic geography that emerged in i the 1970's.

Elaborate upon the influence of Marxist philosophy on geographical research, outlining key themes addressed by Marxist geographers since the 970's, i5

"Welfare geography emphasizes spatial inequality and territorial justice." Comment with reference to the main ideas and scope of the subfield.

20 marks

Discuss critically the manner in which quantitative revolution provided the methodological foundation for models and modelling in geography,

5 marks

Discuss in brief the main thesis in "Limits to Growth" (972) and also provide a critique of the same.

15 marks

Cm the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical 'commercial /economic/ecological/environmental 'cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry: 2% ][5-2()

20 marks

INDIA WITH AFGHANISTAN, BANGLADESH, BHUTAN, NEPAL, MYANMAR (BURMA), PAKISTAN AND SRI LANKA

Explain the unusual intensity of dust storms and thunder storms across India in the pre-monsoon period of year 2018.

10 marks

Why setting up of Water Management Boards is a controversial issue in India?

saat @ fee wee fear on aaa 2 7 Keeping the recent developments in view, how can the energy crisis of India be. circumvented by harnessing non-conventional energy resources?

10 marks

Distinguish the geographical aspects of North-Western lava plateau and Chotanagpur plateau of peninsular India.

20 marks

Explain the contemporary agricultural scenario in the context of rapid urbanization 5 in India.

15 marks

Assess the suitability of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) for the sustainable economic development in India.

15 marks

Examine the ongoing process of agricultural diversification and its implications for food security in India.

20 marks

Account for the persisting negative trade balance of India.

15 marks

Critically assess the vanishing ethnic linguistic plurality of India.

15 marks

Examine the driving forces of changing urban morphology of million-plus cities of India with suitable examples.

20 marks

Discuss the emerging geo-political scenario of Indian Ocean realm.

15 marks

Give a critical account of region specific constraints of sustainable tourism in India.

Discuss the socio-economic problems associated with the left behind families of international migrants from India.

10 marks

Explain the changing mver courses and their impacts on the riparian population in India with suitable examples.

10 marks

afar Make a critical appraisal of the factors affecting river water quality in India,

10 marks

Examine the role of people's participation in successful decentralised planning m India.

10 marks

Describe the socio-spatial consequences of the recent Nipah viral encephalitis m: India.

10 marks

llustrate with suitable examples the endeavours undertaken in augmenting conservation of water and vegetation in India.

Discuss the strategies of integrated development of island territories in India.

15 marks

Cross border terrorism has implications on border area development in India. Examine it with suitable examples.

Explain the pipeline network across India and its impact on regional development.

Discuss the changing composition of international trade through major seaports of India.

5 marks

Peri-urbanization has created enormous environmental problems. Discuss their causes and consequences with reference to the National Capital Region (N.C.R.) of India.

15 marks

Describe the changing regional morphology of rural settlements in India.

20 marks

Startups may play important role in giving fillip to economic growth in India.

Is the land boundary of India with its neighbouring countries a cultural divide or divided culture? Explain with suitable examples.

15 marks

ee i 7 'i " ="

a 7 i _— - so. La. a — a + i — =.

i = — a = iF a =e "a wt a sunt ¥, & i 7 " + a !

i - a + i a = 'l., = a Ts a; 7a"

7" 7 i a 7 7 # 7 a"

a = = EF = i" I =."

a: a oe: 7 7 - 4 a - -"

Write a note on pseudovolcanic features.

10 marks

Distinguish between low energy coasts and coral coasts.

10 marks

Discuss the impacts of ocean currents on air mass behaviour.

10 marks

Describe the characteristics of biological deserts.

10 marks

Explain the concept of micro carbon sink and its relevance.

10 marks

Discuss the forces which govern the air movement on the Earth's surface.

20 marks

"The knowledge of slope analysis has limited field application in the slope management." Explain.

15 marks

Describe the configuration of the Pacific Ocean floor.

15 marks

"Climate change is a reality." Explain with suitable examples.

20 marks

Distinguish between the characteristics of Chernozem and Sierozem soils.

15 marks

Give a classification of plants based on the amount of water requirement.

15 marks

Discuss the concept of Periglacial cycle as propounded by Peltier.

20 marks

"Climate, slope gradient and rock structure influence the avulsion of -channels." Explain..

15 marks

Discuss the Perception, Attitude, Value and Emotion (PAVE) Theory of environmental management.

15 marks

Explain the concept of Time-Geography..

10 marks

"Whittlesey's agricultural regions are relevant even today." Discuss.

10 marks

Write an explanatory note on geographical systems.

10 marks

"The traditional cultural identities are at loss with the growth of global connectivity." Explain.

10 marks

Give an account on sustainable development and its components.

10 marks

Discuss the contemporary paradigms of Geography.

20 marks

"The intensity of energy crisis varies regionally." Explain.

15 marks

Examine the causes and consequences of forced migration of population in the present context.

15 marks

Discuss the applicability of Christaller's Central Place Theory.

20 marks

European nations and Japan." Explain.

15 marks

Define the quality of life and explain its parameters with adequate examples.

15 marks

"The Heartland Theory is gaining importance once again." Comment.

20 marks

Examine the role of small towns in the regional development process.

15 marks

Explain the concept of social capital in relation to India.

15 marks

On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical /commercial/economic/ecological/environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry: 22% ] 0520

Dudhsagar Waterfalls INDIA WITH AFGHANISTAN, BANGLADESH, BHUTAN, NEPAL, MYANMAR (BURMA), PAKISTAN AND SRI LANKA 60°E 70° 80°. E 90°. _'00°B ow TEN ts ee: 2 i. |. 30°N 2 os" °. 'soe gel ™ PO gy, m pos oe Say oi)

N' ° " = 4 20°N ve sony OE. 7 "got - 90 9 oe [| Ba: i= ee ee ee ee ee ee

Give a reasoned account of unusual pattern of distribution of monsoonal rainfall in India in 207.

Explain the inter-State issues involved in implementation of the Satluj-Yamuna Link Canal Project.

Small towns in India have problems and prospects of their own. Elaborate.

Discuss the freshwater crisis in India and prepare a blueprint for its sustainable management.

20 marks

Identify the Naxal-affected areas in India and discuss their socio-economic problems.

Critically examine the feasibility of development of a comprehensive network of airways in India.

5 marks

"An effective three-tier Panchayat Raj System will strengthen the bottom-up approach to multilevel planning in India." Explain.

20 marks

"Linguistic diversity is an asset as well as a challenge in India." Explain the statement focussing on the distribution of languages and the major steps taken to address the related issues.

How may tourism in hilly areas of India be developed as an important source of economy?

5 marks

Mention various methods of functional classification of towns in India and explain the method applied by Asok Mitra.

20 marks

Farmers' suicide is one of the major agrarian problems in India. Bring out its causes and suggest the remedial measures with special reference to Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab.

5 marks

Land reform is a key to modern agriculture in India. Describe various measures taken in this direction after Independence.

5 marks

Explain the role of 'Hill Transport Subsidy Scheme' in reducing regional imbalances in areas identified by the Government of India.

Bring out the geopolitical implications of Doklam dispute in the context of Indo-China relations.

Bring out the significance of Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS). ]6 5 PRO; mee a, i et le ne — el retentions

Mini steel plants can act as an instrument of decentralization of iron and steel industry in India. Explain.

Goods and Services Tax (GST) has differential impact on developed and backward States of the country. How and why?

Interlinking of rivers may serve as a major source of assured irrigation and all-weather inland navigation in India. Comment on its feasibility taking into account physical, economic and ecological implication.

20 marks

Religious minorities are largely concentrated in border States of India. Discuss its causes and consequences.

15 marks

What do you understand by soil pollution? Delineate the areas vulnerable to it in India and suggest remedial measures.

15 marks

Integrated development of road and rail networks in a complementary framework is a prerequisite for regional development. Explain with reference to North-Eastern Region of India.

20 marks

Describe the salient features of Sagar Mala Project and highlight its role in port-led development of coastal regions in India.

Justify the inclusion of Meghalaya in Peninsular India and discuss its vegetation and soil types.

5 marks

Name the major industrial regions of India indicating the bases of their identification. Highlight their basic problems.

20 marks

Drainage pattern in Peninsular India is a result of its geological structure and topography. Elaborate.

5 marks

Why has solar energy in India not been developed to desired level in spite of its high potential? 5 ]6 7 SB8—3070

Describe the "Basket of eggs topography".

10 marks

Differentiate between insolation and temperature and explain anomalous temperature.

10 marks

Discuss Maritime Zones.

10 marks

Bring out the ecological significance of Tropical Rainforest Biome.

10 marks

Explain the hydro-meteorological hazards in the Himalayas.

10 marks

"In explaining the concept of 'Pediplanation', King combined the ideas of Davis, Penck and Wood with his own." Elaborate.

20 marks

Compare the origin and weather conditions associated with the tropical and temperate cyclones.

25 marks

Give a reasoned account on how the impact of Global Warming differs from one part of the Earth to the other.

Discuss the significance of World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and its core projects in the understanding of climatic change.

20 marks

"The relationship between the winds and the currents is best seen in the Indian Ocean." Justify.

Write a critical note on the tendency of "use and throw" in the context of economic status and environment.

15 marks

Bring out the various ecological problems associated with the exploitation and use of oceans and their resources.

20 marks

"Geological structure has a dominant control on landforms and is reflected on them." Discuss.

15 marks

Describe Newbigin's scheme of Floristic regions of the world and explain the Mediterranean Floristic region.

15 marks

"Areal differentiation forms the core theme in Geography." Explain.

10 marks

Discuss the major characteristics of 'CBD'.

10 marks

Elaborate the idea of 'Compage'.

10 marks

Discuss the application of Gravity model in Geographical studies.

10 marks

Trace the origin and progress of Quantitative Revolution in Geography and bring out its merits and demerits.

20 marks

Discuss the role of site in determining the types and patterns of rural settlements.

15 marks

What is a 'region'? Describe 'Thiessen' polygon method of regional

Describe the regional pattern of Life Expectancy in the world and bring out the challenges faced by developing countries due to increasing life expectancy.

20 marks

Discuss the relevance of 'Stop and Go Determinism' in the present day context.

15 marks

Define and differentiate between boundaries and frontiers. Describe the geometrical boundaries with suitable examples.

15 marks

Give a critical account of Losch's theory of central places.

20 marks

"Linkages between resource-endowed regions and resource-utilizing regions determine the pattern of international trade." Elaborate with suitable examples,

15 marks

In what ways can geographers contribute towards optimal land use planning in a region?

15 marks

On the outline map of India provided to you, mark the location of all of the following. Write in your QCA Booklet the significance of these locations, whether physical/commercial/economic/ecological/environmental/cultural, in not more than 30 words for each entry

20 marks

Tale tara a Here

INDIA WITH AFGHANISTAN, BANGLADESH, BHUTAN, NEPAL, MYANMAR (BURMA), PAKISTAN AND SRI LANKA

Explain the shifting of river courses and river capturing in the Himalayas.

10 marks

Mention the space relationship of India with neighbouring countries.

10 marks

Define agricultural intensity and bring out its regional distribution in India.

10 marks

Discuss the role of spatial pattern of rainfall and temperature in the delimitation of climatic regions of India especially with reference to Stamp's climatic regionalization.

20 marks

Describe the flood-prone areas and their management problems in the Ganga Plains. (In about 200 words)

15 marks

Explain the New Industrial Policies in India. (In about 200 words)

15 marks

Identify the important biotic resource regions of India and highlight their problems.

20 marks

Point out the ethnic disparities in the N-E India. (In about 200 words)

15 marks

Give an account of the development of renewable resources of India. (In about 200 words)

15 marks

Bring out the development of river water transport in India and its role in regional development.

20 marks

Explain the impact of economic development on environmental degradation in India. (In about words)

Describe the distribution of black soils in India and their specific use for agriculture. (In about 200 words)

15 marks

For Question Nos. S/a) to 5(e), write on each in about 150 words

Discuss the factors influencing the distribution of sex ratio in India.

10 marks

"The Bokaro Iron and Steel Plant is an example of Industrial Complex." Explain.

10 marks

How do slums develop? Give concrete suggestions for their improvement.

10 marks

Explain the role of India in the geo-politics of South Asia.

10 marks

Analyze the pattern of India's trade with the S-E Asian countries.

10 marks

Present a comparative analysis of geographical factors responsible for distribution of human settlements in Rajasthan desert and North-Eastern regions of India.

20 marks

Explain with suitable examples the role of road transport in agricultural development in India. (In about 200 words)

15 marks

Evaluate the impact of technology on resource utilization in India. (In about 200 words)

15 marks

Analyze the location, distributional pattern and problems of cotton textile industries in India.

20 marks

Describe the major tribal regions of India and their problems. (In about 200 words)

15 marks

Examine the causes of regional disparities in economic development in India. (In about 200 words)

Describe the causes and effects of urbanization in India and explain its impact on rural landscape and urban ecology.

20 marks

"India has paid heavily for achievement of Green Revolution in the form of economic, social and ecological cost." Discuss. (In about 200 words)

15 marks

Explain the origin, dimension and implications of Sino-Indian border dispute.