Which one of the following articles directs State Government of organize Village Panchayats ?

The answer is B) Article 40. Article 40 is a Directive Principle of State Policy (Part IV) and tells the State to take steps to organise village panchayats and endow them with the powers and authority necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government. It is non-justiciable, so it guides the State rather than being enforceable in court.

• Article 32 is wrong. It is a Fundamental Right, the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights, and Dr Ambedkar called it the heart and soul of the Constitution.
• Article 48 is wrong. It directs the State to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and to prohibit slaughter of cows, calves and other milch and draught cattle.
• Article 51 is wrong. It deals with promotion of international peace and security, and is also a Directive Principle.

The core concept is the Directive Principles and their link to decentralisation. Article 40 was made concrete by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment (1992), which added Part IX and Article 243G on the powers of panchayats. For Mains, this connects to local governance, gram sabhas, and the gap between devolution on paper and actual financial and functional devolution to states.

Trap: aspirants mix up Article 40 (DPSP, the direction to the State) with Article 243G (the panchayat powers provision added in 1992), or pick Article 32 because it is the most familiar article.