Which one of the following is not a part of Fundamental Duties under Indian Constitution?

The correct answer is C. Organising village panchayats is not a Fundamental Duty. It is a Directive Principle of State Policy under Article 40, which directs the State to take steps to organise village panchayats and endow them with the powers needed to function as units of self-government. Directive Principles are non-justiciable guidance for the State, while Fundamental Duties are obligations on citizens.

The other three are listed in Article 51A, added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 and based on the Swaran Singh Committee recommendations:

• A is a duty under Article 51A(d), to defend the country and render national service when called upon.
• B is a duty under Article 51A(f), to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
• D is a duty under Article 51A(i), to safeguard public property and to abjure violence.

Core concept: the Constitution separates citizen duties (Part IVA) from State duties (Part IV). Mains often asks you to link Fundamental Duties with enforceability, since unlike Fundamental Rights they have no direct writ remedy, though the Supreme Court has used them as interpretive aids.

Trap: aspirants pick any option that sounds civic and social. Check whether the line is a citizen obligation in Article 51A or a State obligation in Part IV.