Large coffee plantations in Brazil are called

The correct answer is D) Fazendas. In Brazil, large landholdings for coffee, sugarcane or cattle are called fazendas, the Portuguese word for a farm or estate. The coffee fazendas of São Paulo and Minas Gerais built the wealth of Brazil's coffee economy from the 19th century, and the system relied on large estates worked first by enslaved labour and later by wage labour.

• A) Estate: a generic English word, used for tea and rubber plantations in India and Sri Lanka. It is not the Brazilian term.
• B) Estancias: the Spanish term for large cattle ranches in Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, not coffee plantations in Brazil.
• C) Kalkhozes: collective farms of the Soviet Union (kolkhoz), state-controlled and unrelated to Latin American plantations.

Core concept: plantation economies and land tenure in Latin America. It links to Mains GS-I on colonial economy and agrarian structures, and to a comparison with the Indian plantation sector.

Trap: candidates pick 'Estate' because it sounds like a plantation term. The question asks for the local name, and the Portuguese and Spanish terms in Latin America are distinct.