Multidimensional poverty index includes : i. Health ii. Education iii. Living Standard Select correct answer from the codes given below :

The answer is D. All three dimensions are part of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which UNDP and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) introduced in the 2010 Human Development Report. The MPI replaced purely income-based thinking with a deprivation-based measure, so a household can be poor even if its income is above a line.

The index has three equally weighted dimensions, each carrying one-third of the weight:

• Health (i): nutrition and child mortality.
• Education (ii): years of schooling and school attendance of children.
• Living standards (iii): cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity, housing and assets. This makes statement iii correct as well.

Options A, B and C each leave out one of the dimensions, so they fail. The MPI draws on ten indicators in all, which is why it works as a better lens than income alone. Its link to the syllabus is the Human Development Index and the shift from GDP-based welfare to multidimensional welfare, a point that often comes up in Mains answers on inclusive growth.

Trap: aspirants often think the MPI is only about income or only about health and education, since the HDI is built on those three. Remember that the MPI uses living standards as its own separate dimension.