Match List - I with List -II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists : List – I A) Indus Valley Civilization B) Later Vedic Society C) Rigvedic Society D) Medieval Period List – II 1) Pastoral 2) Land Lordism 3) Agrarian 4) Urban

The correct answer is D (A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2). Each period has a dominant economic base, and the matching follows from that.

• Indus Valley Civilization (A-4, Urban): Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had planned grid layouts, covered drains, granaries and standardised weights. The economy was urban and trade-based.
• Later Vedic Society (B-3, Agrarian): Texts like the Shatapatha Brahmana show iron tools and settled cultivation of rice and wheat in the Ganga-Yamuna doab, so the economy became agrarian.
• Rigvedic Society (C-1, Pastoral): Cattle were the measure of wealth, and words like gavishti (search for cows, used for war) reflect a pastoral, semi-nomadic economy.
• Medieval Period (D-2, Land Lordism): Land assignments such as jagirs and iqtas and the rise of intermediaries made land control central, which is the feudal or land-lordship pattern.

This sequence (pastoral, agrarian, urban, then feudal) is a useful frame for Mains questions on economic change in ancient and medieval India, including the debate on Indian feudalism associated with R.S. Sharma.

Trap: Candidates often confuse Rigvedic with Later Vedic, or pick option A because Indus Valley is urban, but then mismatch the Vedic periods.