What was the reason for Mahatma Gandhi to organize a satyagraha on behalf of the peasants of Kheda? 1) The Administration did not suspend the land revenue collection in spite of a drought. 2) The Administration proposed to introduce Permanent Settlement in Gujarat. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct?

Statement 1 is correct. In 1918 the kharif crop in Kheda district failed badly, and the peasants asked the Bombay government to suspend land revenue for the year. The government refused to give blanket remission, and Gandhi took up their cause. Vallabhbhai Patel led the campaign on the ground, and the agitation ended with the government agreeing to suspend collection for those who could prove they were unable to pay.

Statement 2 is wrong. The Permanent Settlement was introduced in Bengal, Bihar and Odisha in 1793 under Cornwallis. Gujarat was under the ryotwari system in the Bombay Presidency, where the peasant dealt directly with the state, so no Permanent Settlement was proposed for Kheda.

Core concept: peasant grievances under colonial revenue systems. Champaran (1917) and Kheda (1918) were Gandhi's first major experiments with satyagraha in India. For Mains GS1, link this to agrarian distress and the way revenue demand and rigid collection rules fed rural unrest.

Trap: aspirants pick C because both statements sound like agrarian grievances, or they attach the Permanent Settlement to every revenue dispute of the period.