With reference to India, consider the following Central Acts: 1) Import and Export (Control) Act, 1947 2) Mining and Mineral Development (Regulation) Act, 1957 3) Customs Act, 1962 4) Indian Forest Act, 1927 Which of the above Acts have relevance to/bearing on the biodiversity conservation in the country)

The correct answer is C. All four Acts bear on biodiversity, though through different routes.

• Import and Export (Control) Act, 1947 lets the government regulate exports of goods, including wildlife, biological specimens and genetic material, which helps curb trade in protected species.
• Mining and Mineral Development (Regulation) Act, 1957 governs mining leases. Mining destroys habitat, so the environmental clearance and forest-diversion conditions linked to it affect biodiversity directly.
• Customs Act, 1962 empowers customs officers to stop smuggling of wildlife products and endangered species, supporting the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and India's commitments under CITES.
• Indian Forest Act, 1927 is the older law on reserved, protected and village forests. It still forms the base of forest management and habitat protection, though the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 now governs diversion of forest land.

The core concept is that biodiversity conservation is not the job of wildlife law alone; trade, mining and forest laws shape habitats and species. This ties to GS-III Environment and to Mains questions on balancing development with conservation.

Trap: Aspirants dismiss the 1947 and 1957 Acts as purely trade or mining laws and pick option A or B.