Consider the following statements: 1. An amendment to the Constitution of India can be initiated by an introduction of a bill in the Lok Sabha only. 2. If such an amendment seeks to make changes in the federal character of the Constitution, the amendment also requires to be ratified by the Legislature of all the States of India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Both statements are false, so the answer is D. Article 368 lets an amendment bill be introduced in either House of Parliament, not only the Lok Sabha. It needs a special majority in each House. Statement 1 is therefore wrong.

Statement 2 confuses the rule. When an amendment touches federal provisions, Article 368(2) proviso requires ratification by not less than one-half of the State legislatures, not all of them. Ratification by all States is not required, so statement 2 is also wrong.

• Core concept: the amendment procedure under Article 368 has three routes: simple majority, special majority, and special majority plus ratification by half the States for federal matters.
• Mains link: this ties to the debate on the amending power and its limits, from Kesavananda Bharati (1973) onward, where the basic structure doctrine was developed.

Trap: aspirants often assume that a constitutional bill must start in the Lok Sabha, or that federal amendments need all States to ratify. Both are wrong.