Consider the following international agreements: (1). The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (2). The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (3). The World Heritage Convention Which of the above has / have a bearing on the biodiversity?

The correct answer is D. All three conventions bear on biodiversity, though in different ways.

• Statement 1: The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (adopted 2001, in force 2004, under FAO) deals directly with conservation and sustainable use of crop genetic diversity. It also sets up a Multilateral System for access and benefit sharing of key food crops.
• Statement 2: The UN Convention to Combat Desertification (1994, Paris) addresses land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas. Dryland ecosystems hold rich biodiversity and degradation erodes it, so UNCCD is closely tied to biodiversity goals.
• Statement 3: The World Heritage Convention (1972, UNESCO) protects natural and cultural sites of outstanding universal value, including habitats of threatened species, such as Kaziranga and the Sundarbans in India.

Core concept: biodiversity is conserved through several overlapping regimes, not only the CBD (1992). Mains angle: GS-III on environment governance, and how these obligations reach domestic law through instruments like the Biological Diversity Act, 2002.

Trap: Aspirants assume only treaties with "biodiversity" in their title count, and eliminate statements 2 and 3 on that basis.