With reference to Neem tree, consider the following statements: (1). Neem oil can be used as a pesticide to control the proliferation of some species of insects and mites. (2). Neem seeds are used in the manufacture of biofuels and hospital detergents. (3). Neem oil has applications in pharmaceutical industry. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Statement 1 is correct. Neem oil, pressed from the seeds and with azadirachtin as its main active principle, is a well-known botanical pesticide. It acts as an antifeedant, growth regulator and repellent against sucking pests, mites and several larval forms. Being biodegradable with low residue, it fits integrated pest management and organic farming.

Statement 3 is correct. Neem oil is an established input in pharmaceutical and personal-care products such as ointments, creams, soaps and toothpaste formulations, and it has a long use in Ayurvedic medicine for skin conditions.

Statement 2 is the weak one. Neem seed oil has been studied as a biodiesel feedstock, but it is not an established commercial biofuel source, and hospital detergents are not a recognised use of neem seeds. Since the statement presents both as settled uses, it is treated as incorrect, which leaves 1 and 3, so the answer is C.

Core concept: botanical pesticides and the value-addition of neem as a non-timber forest produce. This links to Mains questions on sustainable agriculture and biodiversity-based industries.

Trap: Assuming that because neem is versatile, every listed use is valid. Test each claim against an established, commercially recognised use, not a research-stage possibility.