The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen the news in the context of

The correct answer is B. INDCs are the climate action pledges that countries submitted under the UNFCCC ahead of the Paris conference (COP21, December 2015). Each country set out its own emission-cut or adaptation plan, which is why 'nationally' and 'determined' appear in the name. The Paris Agreement (2015) then built its bottom-up framework on these pledges.

Why the others fail:

• A is about refugee rehabilitation, which has nothing to do with climate negotiations.
• C refers to AIIB, the Beijing-based bank launched in 2015 with capital subscribed by member nations. It is a financing institution, not a climate instrument.
• D is tempting because the SDGs were also adopted in 2015, but the SDGs come from the UN 2030 Agenda, not from INDCs.

Core concept: the Paris model of self-set, bottom-up targets, in contrast to the top-down targets of the Kyoto Protocol. For Mains, this links to GS III (climate change, climate finance) and GS II (India's international commitments).

Note: once a country ratifies the Paris Agreement, its INDC becomes its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). India ratified in 2016, so the term now in use is NDC.

Trap: candidates pick D because the SDG adoption and the INDC timing coincided in 2015. Remember that INDCs are a climate instrument under the UNFCCC.