International Labour Organization's Conventions 138 and 182 are related to-

The correct answer is A. Conventions 138 and 182 are both about child labour. C138 (Minimum Age Convention, 1973) sets the minimum age for admission to employment, generally 15 years, with a flexible 14 for developing economies. C182 (Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999) demands immediate elimination of slavery, trafficking, debt bondage, forced labour, child prostitution, use of children in armed conflict, and hazardous work. Both are ILO fundamental conventions.

• B is wrong: Climate adaptation in agriculture falls under the UNFCCC and FAO frameworks, not any ILO convention.
• C is wrong: Food price regulation and food security belong to FAO, WTO and national food policy, not ILO labour standards.
• D is wrong: Gender parity at work is covered by C100 (Equal Remuneration) and C111 (Discrimination), not C138 or C182.

India ratified both in 2017. The Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016, followed the same line, banning employment below 14 and hazardous work below 18. This links to Article 24 and to child rights questions in Mains GS-II.

Trap: Aspirants often mix up the ILO's fundamental conventions and pick the gender option because C100 and C111 are also famous. Learn each convention by its subject, not just by its number.