Who among the following were the founders of the "Hind Mazdoor Sabha" established in 1948?

The correct answer is D. Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS) was formed in December 1948 by socialist trade unionists who broke away from the Congress-backed INTUC after disagreements over the labour movement's political direction. Ashok Mehta, T.S. Ramanujam and G.G. Mehta were among its leading founders, and the socialist camp shaped its early policy.

• A is wrong: B. Krishna Pillai and E.M.S. Namboodiripad were communist leaders linked to the AITUC, not HMS founders.
• B is wrong: Deen Dayal Upadhyay belonged to the Bharatiya Jana Sangh and the RSS orbit. The BMS, not HMS, was the body of that stream, founded in 1955.
• C is wrong: C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer, K. Kamaraj and Veeresalingam Pantulu were Congress figures, not HMS founders.

The core concept is the ideological split in organised labour: AITUC (communist), INTUC (Congress), HMS (socialist), later BMS (RSS). This is useful for Mains GS-III questions on trade unions and labour reforms.

Trap: Candidates pick B because Jayaprakash Narayan was a major socialist leader. Remember that the question asks about the founders of HMS, and Deen Dayal Upadhyay has no link to it.