Answer: (d)

Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct: The Government of India Act 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) did not just retain the separate electorates introduced for Muslims in 1909; it actively extended them to other communities, including Sikhs, Europeans, Anglo-Indians, and Indian Christians. This constitutional framework institutionalized political identity around religious and communal lines.

Statement 2 is correct: From a colonial administrative standpoint, separate electorates were a tool of the "divide and rule" policy. By encouraging politicians to appeal exclusively to their own religious or communal groups for votes, the British sought to fracture a unified, pan-Indian nationalist identity that was growing stronger under the leadership of the Congress and the Home Rule Leagues.

Statement 3 is correct: Seeing that political power and legislative representation were being carved out based on community identities, various socially and economically marginalized groups-including the Deprived/Depressed Classes-realized that organizing themselves as distinct political communities was the most effective way to secure structural safeguards, reservations, and state patronage. This directly contributed to the genesis of community-based political alliances.